scholarly journals Development of Ultra-Broadband Base Station Antenna for All Mainstream LTE 700/800/900 MHz Frequency Bands

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doudou Samb ◽  
Zhonglin Wu ◽  
Mulin Liu ◽  
Hu Bin Jie
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Communication Industry ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Mobile Communication Industry

LTE deployment is being accelerated due to its improved radio access structure meeting the requirements of current and next generation of wireless networks. Its low band application presents useful aspects such as low density of base station while providing good in-building penetration. In this work, we design and develop a dual-polarized base station antenna supporting 698 MHz to 960 MHz with an azimuth-plan half-power beam width of 90° covering all mainstream LTE 700/800/900 MHz frequency bands representing the widest low frequency range being actively used in the current mobile communication industry. In the design process, rigorous algorithm based on swarm method is developed to tune the electrical performances under strict base station antenna requirements. Experimental results from pattern tests demonstrate the design analysis and the significant advantages of using swarm method in the antenna development process.

scholarly journals Dual-polarized dipole radiation elements for the modern base station antennas

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 05015
Author(s):  
Vladislav Komov ◽  
Victor Sledkov ◽  
Li ZiMeng
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Dual Polarization ◽  
Dipole Radiation ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Better Than

Two improved designs of wideband dual polarization antennas for base station. The first design is the crossed dipoles for the frequency bands 1695–2695 MHz. The presented shape of crossed dipole provides a low level of crosspolarization, VSWR better than 1.4, the isolation between polarizations is better than –33 dB and the beam width in the horizontal plane is 65±4 degrees. The second design is the square dipole in the frequency range 690–960 MHz provides the beam width in the horizontal plane 60±5 degrees, E-plane 58±3 degrees, H-plane 64±3 degrees, the isolation between polarizations better than –35dB.

Intelligibility of Filtered Synthetic Sentences

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Speaks
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Frequency Filtering ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
High Pass

The effects of frequency filtering on intelligibility of synthetic sentences were studied on three normal-hearing listeners. Performance-intensity (P-I) functions were defined for several low-pass and high-pass frequency bands. The data were analyzed to determine the interactions of signal level and frequency range on performance. Intelligibility of synthetic sentences was found to be quite dependent upon low-frequency energy. The important frequency for identification of the materials was approximately 725 Hz. These results are compared with previous findings concerning the intelligibility of single words in quiet and in noise.

scholarly journals Triple-Band Dual-Polarized Dipole Antenna for 5G Sub-6 GHz Communications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Yang ◽  
Hafiz Usman Tahseen ◽  
Syed Shah Irfan Hussain ◽  
Wang Hongjin
Keyword(s):  
Return Loss ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Dipole Antenna ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Measured Impedance ◽  
Dual Polarized ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Triple Band

Abstract A triple-band ±45° dual-polarized dipole antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna covers two bands from n77 and one from n79 5G NR frequency spectrums. The profile antenna exhibits the measured impedance bandwidths 3.6-3.85 GHz, 4.05-4.2 GHz and 4.8- 5.15 GHz with S11, S22 < - 15dB return loss. Antenna is fabricated with four substrates; one radiator, one reflector and two feeding baluns. Antenna is designed and optimized with HFSS simulator and fabricated for experimental verification. Antenna gives a stable radiation pattern with 8.55dBi high gain and 70° half power beam width (HPBW) that makes it a good candidate for wireless 5G sub-6 GHz and multiband base station applications. Finally, antenna is tested in a realistic application environment to show the utility of the proposed antenna for wireless sub-6 GHz IoT applications.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Interference in Ultra-Dense 5G Radio Access Networks with Beamforming

Telecom IT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-59
Author(s):  
G. Fokin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Access Network ◽  
Radio Access Networks ◽  
Radio Access

In this paper, we investigate the dependence of the level of intersystem interference on the beam width of the adaptively formed antenna radiation pattern and the territorial separation of neighboring devices in ultra-dense 5G radio access networks. The results of simulation modeling of a radio access network based on 19 base stations with the parameterization of the antenna array gain by the width of the radiation pattern in the horizontal plane show that when the base station beam is di-rected to the user device and narrowed from 360° to 5°, the level of intrasystem interference decreases by 15 dB compared with the case of omnidirectional antennas. The results of simulation of a radio access network based on 19 three-sector base stations with planar antenna arrays of 64 elements illustrate a significant reduction in the level of interference in comparison with the case of omnidirectional antennas and, in order to obtain zones of a positive signal-to-noise ratio, confirm the need for a territorial separation of neighboring devices by 10–20 % of the range of radio coverage.

scholarly journals Influence of antenna half-power beam width on equipment under test volume in radiation disturbance measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 2108 (1) ◽  
pp. 012078
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoguang Xu ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Beam Width ◽  
Horn Antenna ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Test Volume ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Directional Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Half Power ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Through the study of the latest radiation disturbance measurement standards, the difference between test volume and equipment under test volume was compared and analyzed. Different types of antennas will be used in the radiated disturbance measurement in terms of the different frequency range. Various antennas have kinds of directional characteristics. This article analyzes the influence of antenna half-power beam width on the equipment under test volume, especially on the height, from three frequency ranges. Furthermore, taking the typical horn antenna as the starting point, as well as the formula of volume with antenna half-power beamwidth, the relationship between equipment volume and frequency is calculated. Finally, the influence of antenna half-power beam width on the equipment under test volume is obtained.

scholarly journals Low-frequency range magnetic fields at workplaces: hygiene regulation criteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-443
Author(s):  
Yury P. Paltsev ◽  
Larisa V. Pokhodzey ◽  
Yury V. Kurilenko ◽  
Elena A. Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Until now, in the Russian Federation, unlike Western countries, hygienic regulations have not been developed for magnetic fields (MF) of low-frequency ranges. The aim of the study is a scientific substantiation of the threshold limit values (TLV) of magnetic fields in the range of 3 Hz - 30 kHz at workplaces. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign hygienic normative-methodical documentation regulating the TLV of magnetic fields of low-frequency ranges at workplaces is carried out. When substantiating TLV in the frequency range of 3 Hz - 30 kHz, the method of calculating the corrected value of the RMS MF strength in decadal frequency bands is used, taking into account its target values for different exposure times. Results. MF sources in the frequency range 3 Hz - 30 kHz were shown to be widely used in various areas of activity. The analysis of current domestic and foreign documents regulating the impact of MF in low-frequency bands showed the possibility of harmonizing hygienic regulations. The TLV MP in decadal frequency bands and the criteria for their hygienic assessment are scientifically substantiated. Conclusion. The studies made it possible for the first time in the Russian Federation to develop MF hygienic standards in the frequency range of 3Hz - 30 kHz at workplaces, the introduction of which into the practice of sanitary and epidemiological supervision will ensure adequate control over the electromagnetic environment and preservation of workers’ health.

scholarly journals A Simple Linear-Type Negative Permittivity Metamaterials Substrate Microstrip Patch Antenna

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4398
Author(s):  
Wei-Hua Hui ◽  
Yao Guo ◽  
Xiao-Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waves ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Microstrip Patch Antenna ◽  
Negative Permittivity ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Microstrip Patch ◽  
Half Power

A microstrip patch antenna (MPA) loaded with linear-type negative permittivity metamaterials (NPMMs) is designed. The simple linear-type metamaterials have negative permittivity at 1–10 GHz. Four groups of antennas at different frequency bands are simulated in order to study the effect of linear-type NPMMs on MPA. The antennas working at 5.0 GHz are processed and measured. The measured results illustrate that the gain is enhanced by 2.12 dB, the H-plane half-power beam width (HPBW) is converged by 14°, and the effective area is increased by 62.5%. It can be concluded from the simulation and measurements that the linear-type metamaterials loaded on the substrate of MAP can suppress surface waves and increase forward radiation well.

scholarly journals Broadband Dual-Polarized Loop Cross-Dipole Antenna for 5G Base Station Applications

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574
Author(s):  
Chenyang Liao ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Congcong Zhu ◽  
Honggang Hao ◽  
Bo Yin
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Matching ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Dipole Antenna ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Cross Polarization ◽  
Dual Polarized ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Good Agreement

A broadband dual-polarized base station antenna is proposed in this paper. The antenna consists of loop cross-dipoles, Y-shaped coupling feeding lines, and a metal box reflector. An equivalent circuit model including a signal flow diagram is established to analyze the mechanism of the proposed antenna in detail. Moreover, the Y-shaped coupling feeding lines are introduced to control the coupling with the antenna to achieve broadband and good impedance matching. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the antenna with simple structures can operate at the band of 3.2–5.22 GHz (48%) with high port-to-port isolation (35 dB) and stable gain (9 ± 1 dBi). The measured results show good agreement with simulated results, especially in cross-polarization discrimination ratio (>27 dB) and the half power beam width (61° ± 3° at the E-plane, 68° ± 3° at the H-plane). In summary, the proposed antenna could be a good candidate for 5G sub-6 GHz base station applications.

scholarly journals Frequency-specific coactivation patterns in resting-state and their alterations in schizophrenia: an fMRI study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Yang ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Xin Di ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Chun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Cap Analysis ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Characteristics

The resting-state human brain is a dynamic system that shows frequency-specific characteristics. Coactivation pattern (CAP) analysis has been recently used to identify recurring brain states sharing similar coactivation configurations. However, whether and how CAPs differ across different sub-frequency bands are unknown. In the current study, in addition to the typical low-frequency range (0.01 - 0.08 Hz), the spatial and temporal characteristics of CAPs in four sub-frequency bands, slow-5 (0.01 - 0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027 - 0.073 Hz), slow-3 (0.073 - 0.198 Hz), and slow-2 (0.198 - 0.25 Hz), were studied. Six CAP states were obtained for each band., The CAPs from the typical frequency range were spatially largely overlapped with those in slow-5, slow-4 and slow-3 but not with those in slow-2. With the increase of frequency, the CAP state became more unstable and resulted in an overall shorter persistence. The spatial and temporal characteristics of slow-4 and slow-5 were further compared, because they constitute most power of the resting-state fMRI signals. In general, slow-4 showed stronger coactivations or co-deactivations in subcortical regions, while slow-5 showed stronger coactivations or co-deactivations in large-scale cortical networks such as the dorsal attention network. Lastly, frequency-dependent dynamic alterations were also observed in schizophrenia patients. Combining the information obtained from both slow-5 and slow-4 increased the classification accuracy of schizophrenia patients than only using the typical range. In conclusion, our results revealed that the spatial and temporal characteristics of CAP state varied at different frequency bands, which could be helpful for identifying brain alterations in schizophrenia.

5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Leevanshi Rao ◽  
Mohit Pant ◽  
Leeladhar Malviya ◽  
Ajay Parmar ◽  
Sandhya Vijay Charhate
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Data Rates

Abstract The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.

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