scholarly journals Species Composition and Diversity of Malaria Vector Breeding Habitats in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme ◽  
Menaka Hapugoda ◽  
Rajitha Wickremasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Mosquito larval ecology is important in determining larval densities and species assemblage. This in turn influences malaria transmission in an area. Therefore, understanding larval habitat ecology is important in designing malaria control programs.Method. Larval surveys were conducted in 20 localities under five sentinel sites (Padavisiripura, Gomarankadawala, Thoppur, Mollipothana, and Ichchallampaththu) in Trincomalee District, Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, between June 2010 and July 2013. The relationship between seven abiotic variables (temperature, pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and salinity) was measured.Results. A total of 21,347 anophelines were recorded representing 15 species.Anopheles subpictus24.72% (5,278/21,347) was the predominant species, followed by 24.67% (5,267/21,347) ofAn. nigerrimusand 14.56% (3,109/21,347) ofAn. peditaeniatus. A total of 9,430 breeding habitats under twenty-one categories were identified.An. culcicifacieswas noted to be highest from built wells (20.5%) with high salinity (1102.3 ± 81.8 mg/L), followed by waste water collections (20.2%) having low DO levels (2.85 ± 0.03 mg/L) and high TDS (1,654 ± 140 mg/L).Conclusion. This study opens an avenue to explore new breeding habitats of malaria vectors in the country and reemphasizes the requirement of conducting entomological surveillance to detect potential transmission of malaria in Sri Lanka under the current malaria elimination programme.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Analysis on Abundance, Distribution, and Bionomics of Potential Malaria Vectors in Mannar District of Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Menaka Hapugoda ◽  
Rajitha Wickremasinghe ◽  
Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Lagoon Water ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
The Mean

Background. A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the malaria vectors in Mannar district of Sri Lanka has not been studied after 1927. Past records indicated the presence of only seven species of anophelines, namely, An. culicifacies, An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, An. peditaeniatus, An. nigerrimus, An. Jamesii, and An. maculatus. There have been many changes in terms of distribution of Anopheles in the district over time. Methods. Entomological surveillance was conducted on a monthly basis, comprising indoor hand collection, window trap collection, cattle-baited net collection, cattle-baited hut collection, and larval survey from June 2010 to June 2012 in 12 study areas under three entomological sentinel sites. The relationship between seven abiotic variables of the breeding habitats was measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the associations between climatic variables and anopheline densities. Results. A total of 74,181 mosquitoes belonging to 14 Anopheles species were recorded. An. subpictus was the most predominant species from all techniques representing 92% (n=68,268) of the total anopheline collection. However, Anopheles culicifacies was not recorded from any site during the study period. Larval surveys identified 12 breeding habitat categories including waste water collections, lagoon water collections, and drains which were not recorded as breeding habitats by previous studies. The mean dissolved oxygen level of waste water collections was 3.45±0.15 mg/l. The mean salinity and conductivity of lagoon water collections were 21105±1344 mg/l and 34734±1974 μs/cm, respectively. Conclusion. The present study provides the updated knowledge on anopheline distribution and vector bionomics. Therefore, documentation of the current knowledge would be useful for learners and health authorities to design appropriate vector control measures in the prevention of reintroduction of malaria.

scholarly journals Diversity and Species Composition of Microbiota Associated with Mosquito Breeding Habitats: A Study from Kurunegala District in Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Amarasinghe ◽  
H. A. K. Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Relationship

The pool of microbiota associated with mosquito breeding habitats varies with the habitat type and its characteristic features. The pool of microbiota in a given mosquito breeding habitat can include free living, symbiotic, noncompetitive, parasitic, predatory, and toxin producing species. However, in Sri Lanka the studies on the microbiota associated with mosquito breeding habitats are scarce. The present study was conducted to identify microbiota species/taxa associated with a variety of mosquito breeding habitats in selected areas of the Kurunegala district in Sri Lanka to determine the relationship, if any, the microbiota has with mosquito larvae breeding. A total of 44 microbiota species/taxa belonging to 10 phyla, namely, Bacillariophyta, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta, Ochrophyta/Heterokontophyta, Amoebozoa, Euglenozoa, Ciliophora, Arthropoda, and Rotifera were identified. Vorticella microstoma (Ciliophora) showed a constant occurrence frequency in rice field habitats occupied mainly by Culex tritaeniorhynchus while the rest of the species had an accidental or rare frequency of occurrence. Nineteen species/taxa were identified as common species. Trophont stages of Vorticella microstoma and Zoothamnium spp. were found attached to the cuticle of mosquito larvae but only V. microstoma caused a lethal effect. The autotrophic protist, Euglena geniculate, Closterium spp., and Pinnularia spp. served as the diet items to mosquito larvae. The majority of the microbiota identified had no observable effect on mosquito larvae breeding.

scholarly journals Entomological Investigations on Malaria Vectors in Some War-Torn Areas in the Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka after Settlement of 30-Year Civil Disturbance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Menaka Hapugoda ◽  
Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme ◽  
Rajitha Wickremasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Predominant Species

Background. Malaria was an endemic problem in Trincomalee District, Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Very few recent data concerning Anopheles are available which transmit malaria. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify various Anopheles species and the dynamics of anophelines including malaria vectors in Trincomalee District for effective vector control under the current malaria elimination program embarked in the country. Method. Entomological surveys were conducted on a monthly basis, using five entomological techniques, namely, indoor hand collection (HC), window trap collection (WTC), cattle-baited net collection (CBNC), and cattle-baited hut collection (CBHC) from June 2010 to June 2012 in 32 study areas under five entomological sentinel sites. Results. Seventeen anopheline species were encountered, of which Anopheles subpictus was the predominant species in all sampling methods. It is noted that A. culicifacies and A. subpictus have adapted to breed in polluted water in urban settings which may cause serious implications on the epidemiology of malaria in the country. Conclusions. It is important to determine the abundance, biology, distribution, and relationship with climatic factors of main and secondary malaria vectors in Sri Lanka in order to initiate evidence based controlling programs under the current malaria elimination program in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Distribusi Vektor Malaria Anopheles (Diptera: Cullicidae) di Kabupaten Bulukumba, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andi Tilka Muftiah
Keyword(s):  
Health Centre ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Community Based Programs ◽  
Human Landing

Abstract Anopheles is an eminent mosquito vector responsible for Plasmodium infection in human. By far, 430 anophelines have been identified but only 30-40 species have the potential to transmit malaria. A survey was carried to describe the distribution of anophelines species in seven community health centre (CHC) working areas including Caile, Ujung Loe, Bonto Bahari, Bonto Tiro, Batang, Bonto Bangun and Tanete in Bulukumba District, South Sulawesi. Human Landing Collection, Net Trap, and Light Trap was applied to collect adult anophelines mosquitoes. The Anopheles malaria vectors were observed in all areas. Various anophelines malaria vectors exist in Bulukumba District, including An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, An. hyrcanus, An. vagus, An. indefinitus, An. parangensis and An. kochi. Of which, Anopheles subpictus was the most abundant species and the majority of Anopheles mosquitoes were found in Ujung Loe area. Our study indicates that community-based programs and routine entomological surveillance, especially in high-risk areas, should be implemented to effectively control malaria transmission in Bulukumba District. Abstrak Malaria pada manusia ditularkan oleh nyamuk betina Anopheles yang berperan sebagai vektor yang membawa parasit Plasmodium. Terdapat sekitar 430 spesies Anopheles, 30-40 diantaranya berpotensi untuk menularkan malaria ke manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan distribusi vektor Anopheles di Kabupaten Bulukumba melalui survei entomologi (observasional) dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Sampel penelitian adalah nyamuk Anopheles di tujuh wilayah kerja puskesmas, yakni Puskesmas Caile, Ujung Loe, Bonto Bahari, Bonto Tiro, Batang, Bonto Bangun dan Tanete. Penangkapan vektor Anopheles dilakukan dengan metode Human Landing Collection (HLC), Net Trap, dan Light Trap. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan distribusi vektor Anopheles yang tersebar di tujuh wilayah kerja puskesmas yakni An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, An. hyrcanus, An. vagus, An. indefinitus, An. parangensis dan An. kochi. Anopheles subpictus merupakan spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan, sedangkan wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ujung Loe merupakan lokasi yang paling banyak ditemukan vektor Anopheles. Variasi vektor Anopheles yang tersebar di wilayah Kabupaten Bulukumba hendaknya mendorong para pengambil kebijakan di tingkat dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas untuk menyusun program pengendalian malaria yang optimal dan sesuai, baik dari segi pemberdayaan masyarakat dan pelaksanaan survei entomologi secara berkala khususnya pada wilayah yang berisiko.

Larvae of the blow fly Caiusa testacea (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as egg predators of Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 17374-17379
Author(s):  
W.G.D. Chathuranga ◽  
K. Kariyawasam ◽  
Anslem De Silva ◽  
W.A.Priyanka P. De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
The Family ◽  
Water Container ◽  
The Common ◽  
Natural Breeding ◽  
The Impact

We investigated the impact of dipteran predators on eggs in foam nests of the Common Hour-glass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in central Sri Lanka.  Foam nests (n=24) of P. cruciger were examined at their natural breeding habitats and infected (n=8) and uninfected spawns (n=16) were identified.  Emerging tadpoles were collected in a water container hung under each spawn and the average number of tadpoles (N) hatched from infected spawns (N=0) was compared with that of uninfected spawns (N=354 ± 67).  Three severely infected spawns were brought to the laboratory and the fly larvae were reared until they metamorphosed to adults.  Morphological and molecular identification of the flies confirmed them as belonging to Caiusa testacea Senior-White, 1923 of the family Calliphoridae.  The infected spawns were completely destroyed and an estimated average of 400 P. cruciger eggs per spawn were lost.  The results revealed a high impact of Caiusa testacea on egg and embryo mortality of P. cruciger.

scholarly journals Does Foreign Direct Investment Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? Empirical Evidence from South Asian Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3470
Author(s):  
Xueqing Kang ◽  
Farman Ullah Khan ◽  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Arif ◽  
Shams Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Relationship

In selected South Asian countries, the study intends to investigate the relationship between urban population (UP), carbon dioxide (CO2), trade openness (TO), gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and renewable energy (RE). Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models for estimation were used in the study, which covered yearly data from 1990 to 2019. We used Levin–Lin–Chu, Im–Pesaran–Shin, and Fisher PP tests for the stationarity of the variables. The outcomes of the panel cointegration approach looked at whether there was a long-run equilibrium nexus between selected variables in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. The FMOLS approach was also used to assess the relationship, and the results suggest that there is a significant and negative nexus between FDI and renewable energy in south Asian nations. The study’s findings reveal a strong and favorable relationship between GDP and renewable energy use. In South Asian nations (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), the FMOLS and DOLS findings are nearly identical, but the authors used the DOLS model for robustification. According to the findings, policymakers in South Asian economies (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) should view GDP and FDI as fundamental policy instruments for environmental sustainability. To reduce reliance on hazardous energy sources, the government should also reassure financial sectors to participate in renewable energy.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Post-War Community Relations between Buddhists and Muslims in Sri Lanka: A Muslim’s Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sunawari Long ◽  
Khaidzir Hj. Ismail ◽  
Kamarudin Salleh ◽  
Saadiah Kumin ◽  
Halizah Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Post War ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Community Relationship

Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious country comprising four of the world’s major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. Buddhists are the predominant ethnic group, constituting 70.19% of the total population, while Muslims make up the second largest minority in the country. There are many records in the history to prove well the cordial relationship between Buddhists and Muslims in Sri Lanka. However, in the past couple of years, particularly during the aftermath of the civil war, tension may be observed in the relationship between these two religious groups. This is due to a campaign undertaken by a several Buddhist nationalist groups whose intensions are to create a division among these respective societies. These groups have been carrying protests against Muslim social, cultural and religious aspects, including issuing Halal certification, slaughtering of cattle, conducting prayer services, etc. Moreover, they have disseminated misinterpretations about Muslims and Islam with derogatory speeches among the Buddhist public, for the purpose of accomplishing above division. Given the above backdrop, this paper attempts to determine the post-war relationship between Muslims and Buddhists in the country, including major interrupting factors, through analyzing Muslims’ point of views. According to the results, there is no remarkable fluctuation in the relationships between Muslims and Buddhists, and Muslims have posited that there are several social, cultural and religious practices them that act as significant barriers to maintaining a better community relationship with Buddhists, such as slaughtering of cattle for meals. Therefore, almost all of the Muslims have been demanding proper guidelines regarding the slaughtering of cattle, the Niqabs (face cover of Muslim women), and other factors related to interrupting a better interaction with the Buddhists for better cordiality, within the context of Sri Lanka.

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