scholarly journals Biological Events in Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone Associated with Application of Orthodontic Forces

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Feller ◽  
R. A. G. Khammissa ◽  
I. Schechter ◽  
G. Thomadakis ◽  
J. Fourie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, mediating bone remodelling, ultimately enabling orthodontic tooth movement. In the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the mechanically induced tensile strains upregulate the expression of osteogenic genes resulting in bone formation, while mechanically induced compressive strains mediate predominantly catabolic tissue changes and bone resorption. In this review article we summarize some of the currently known biological events occurring in the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone in response to application of orthodontic forces and how these facilitate tooth movement.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Mandibular Anterior Teeth with Healthy, but Reduced Periodontium

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3824
Author(s):  
Ioana-Andreea Sioustis ◽  
Mihai Axinte ◽  
Marius Prelipceanu ◽  
Alexandra Martu ◽  
Diana-Cristala Kappenberg-Nitescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Finite element analysis studies have been of interest in the field of orthodontics and this is due to the ability to study the stress in the bone, periodontal ligament (PDL), teeth and the displacement in the bone by using this method. Our study aimed to present a method that determines the effect of applying orthodontic forces in bodily direction on a healthy and reduced periodontium and to demonstrate the utility of finite element analysis. Using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of a patient with a healthy and reduced periodontium, we modeled the geometric construction of the contour of the elements necessary for the study. Afterwards, we applied a force of 1 N and a force of 0.8 N in order to achieve bodily movement and to analyze the stress in the bone, in the periodontal ligament and the absolute displacement. The analysis of the applied forces showed that a minimal ligament thickness is correlated with the highest value of the maximum stress in the PDL and a decreased displacement. This confirms the results obtained in previous clinical practice, confirming the validity of the simulation. During orthodontic tooth movement, the morphology of the teeth and of the periodontium should be taken into account. The effect of orthodontic forces on a particular anatomy could be studied using FEA, a method that provides real data. This is necessary for proper treatment planning and its particularization depends on the patient’s particular situation.

scholarly journals Osteoclastic effects of mBMMSCs under compressive pressure during orthodontic tooth movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Delong Jiao ◽  
Xiaofeng Huang ◽  
Yuxing Bai
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Tail Vein

Abstract Background During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), alveolar bone remodelling is closely related to mechanical force. It is unclear whether stem cells can affect osteoclastogenesis to promote OTM. This study aimed to investigate the role of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMMSCs) under compression load in OTM. Methods A mouse OTM model was established, and GFP-labelled mBMMSCs and normal saline were injected into different groups of mice by tail vein injection. OTM distance was measured using tissue specimens and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The locations of mBMMSCs were traced using GFP immunohistochemistry. Haematoxylin-eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemistry of Runx2 and lipoprotein lipase were used to assess changes in the periodontal ligament during OTM. mBMMSCs under compression were co-cultured with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMMs), and the gene expression levels of Rankl, Mmp-9, TRAP, Ctsk, Alp, Runx2, Ocn and Osterix were determined by RT-PCR. Results Ten days after mBMMSCs were injected into the tail vein of mice, the OTM distance increased from 176 (normal saline) to 298.4 μm, as determined by tissue specimen observation, and 174.2 to 302.6 μm, as determined by micro-CT metrological analysis. GFP-labelled mBMMSCs were mostly located on the compressed side of the periodontal ligament. Compared to the saline group, the number of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone increased significantly (P < 0.01) on the compressed side in the mBMMSC group. Three days after mBMMSC injection, the number of Runx2-GFP double-positive cells on the tension side was significantly higher than that on the compression side. After applying compressive force on the mBMMSCs in vitro for 2 days, RANKL expression was significantly higher than in the non-compression cells, but expression of Alp, Runx2, Ocn and Osterix was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The numbers of osteoclasts differentiated in response to mBMMs co-cultured with mBMMSCs under pressure load and expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes (Mmp-9, TRAP and Ctsk) were significantly higher than those in mBMMs stimulated by M-CSF alone (P < 0.05). Conclusions mBMMSCs are not only recruited to the compressed side of the periodontal ligament but can also promote osteoclastogenesis by expressing Rankl, improving the efficiency of OTM.

scholarly journals Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2388
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Stress induced in the Periodontal Ligament during Extrusion and Rotation Movements— Part II: A Comparison of Linear vs Nonlinear FEM Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
HP Raghuveer ◽  
M Hemanth ◽  
MS Rani ◽  
Chathura Hegde ◽  
B Vedavathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Nonlinear Fem ◽  
3D Fem ◽  
Nonlinear Simulation ◽  
Force System

ABSTRACT Background Optimal orthodontic forces are those which stimulate tooth movement with minimal biological trauma to the tooth, periodontal ligament (PDL) during and alveolar bone. Among various types of tooth movements, extrusion and rotational movements are seen to be associated with the least amount of root resorption and have not been studied in detail. The mechanical behavior of the PDL is known to be nonlinear elastic and thus a nonlinear simulation of the PDL provides precision to the calculated stress values. Therefore in this study, the stress patterns in the PDL were evaluated with extrusion and rotational movements using the nonlinear finite element method (FEM). Materials and methods A three-dimensional (3D) FEM model of the maxillary incisors was generated using SOLIDWORKS modelling software. Stresses in the PDL were evaluated with extrusive and rotational movements by a 3D FEM using ANSYS software with nonlinear material properties. Results It was observed that with the application of extrusive load, the tensile stresses were seen at the apex whereas the compressive stress was distributed at the cervical margin. With the application of rotational movements, maximum compressi vstress was distributed at the apex and cervical third whereas the tensile stress was distributed on cervical third of the PDL on the lingual surface. Conclusion For rotational and extrusion movements, stress values over the periodontal ligament was within the range of optimal stress value as proposed by Lee, with a given force system by Proffit as optimum forces for orthodontic tooth movement using nonlinear properties. During rotation there are stresses concentrated at the apex, hence due to the concentration of the compressive forces at the apex a clinician must avoid placing heavy stresses during tooth movement. How to cite this article Hemanth M, Raghuveer HP, Rani MS, Hegde C, Kabbur KJ, Chaithra D, Vedavathi B. An Analysis of the Stress Induced in the Periodontal Ligament during Extrusion and Rotation Movements—Part II: A Comparison of vs Nonlinear FEM Linear Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16(10):819-823.

scholarly journals Mechanosensitive Piezo1 in Periodontal Ligament Cells Promotes Alveolar Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukun Jiang ◽  
Yuzhe Guan ◽  
Yuanchen Lan ◽  
Shuo Chen ◽  
Tiancheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Alveolar Bone Remodeling ◽  
Pdl Cells

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a process depending on the remodeling of periodontal tissues surrounding the roots. Orthodontic forces trigger the conversion of mechanical stimuli into intercellular chemical signals within periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, activating alveolar bone remodeling, and thereby, initiating OTM. Recently, the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 has been found to play pivotal roles in the different types of human cells by transforming external physical stimuli into intercellular chemical signals. However, the function of Piezo1 during the mechanotransduction process of PDL cells has rarely been reported. Herein, we established a rat OTM model to study the potential role of Piezo1 during the mechanotransduction process of PDL cells and investigate its effects on the tension side of alveolar bone remodeling. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups: the OTM + inhibitor (INH) group, the OTM group, and the control (CON) group. Nickel-titanium orthodontic springs were applied to trigger tooth movement. Mice were sacrificed on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 after orthodontic movement for the radiographic, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological analyses. Our results revealed that the Piezo1 channel was activated by orthodontic force and mainly expressed in the PDL cells during the whole tooth movement period. The activation of the Piezo1 channel was essential for maintaining the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and facilitation of new alveolar bone formation on the tension side. Reduced osteogenesis-associated transcription factors such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), Osterix (OSX), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio were examined when the function of Piezo1 was inhibited. In summary, Piezo1 plays a critical role in mediating both the osteogenesis and osteoclastic activities on the tension side during OTM.

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1788-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin ◽  
Zulham Yamamoto ◽  
lntan Zarina Zainol Abidin ◽  
Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab ◽  
Zaidah Zainal Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Compression Region ◽  
Tissue Changes

Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment.

scholarly journals The effect of high concentration of zoledronic acid on tooth induced movement and its repercussion on root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissues in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fátima Regina Nunes de Sousa ◽  
Vanessa Costa de Sousa Ferreira ◽  
Conceição da Silva Martins ◽  
Hugo Victor Dantas ◽  
Frederico Barbosa de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zoledronic Acid ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dental Tissues

AbstractZoledronic acid (ZA) is often prescribed for osteoporosis or resorptive metabolic bone disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ZA on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root and bone resorption and its repercussion on root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissues. The experimental group consisted of 72 Wistar rats divided in four subgroups: Naive, Saline and Zoledronic Acid groups at the concentration of 0.2 mg/kg [ZA (0.2)] or 1.0 mg/kg [ZA (1.0)]. The animals were subjected to i.v (dorsal penile vein) administrations of ZA or saline solution, on days 0, 7, 14 and 42. Under anesthesia, NiTi springs were installed in the first left maxillary molar with 50gf allowing the OTM, except for the negative control group (N) for mesial movement of the left first maxillary teeth. The animals were sacrificed and maxillae were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analyzes, scanning electron microscopy, computerized microtomography and confocal microscopy. Treatment with ZA decreased the OTM and the number of osteoclasts and loss of alveolar bone when compared to the naive and saline groups. Reduction of radicular resorption, increased necrotic areas and reduced vascularization in the periodontal ligament were observed in the ZA groups. ZA interferes with OTM and presents anti-resorptive effects on bone and dental tissues associated with a decreased vascularization, without osteonecrosis.

scholarly journals Distinguish fatty acids impact survival, differentiation and cellular function of periodontal ligament fibroblasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Symmank ◽  
Martin Chorus ◽  
Sophie Appel ◽  
Jana Marciniak ◽  
Isabel Knaup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts

Abstract Alveolar bone (AB) remodeling is necessary for the adaption to mechanical stimuli occurring during mastication and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Thereby, bone degradation and assembly are strongly regulated processes that can be altered in obese patients. Further, increased fatty acids (FA) serum levels affect bone remodeling cells and we, therefore, investigated whether they also influence the function of periodontal ligament fibroblast (PdLF). PdLF are a major cell type regulating the differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts localized in the AB. We stimulated human PdLF (HPdLF) in vitro with palmitic (PA) or oleic acid (OA) and analyzed their metabolic activity, growth, survival and expression of osteogenic markers and calcium deposits. Our results emphasize that PA increased cell death of HPdLF, whereas OA induced their osteoblastic differentiation. Moreover, quantitative expression analysis of OPG and RANKL revealed altered levels in mechanically stimulated PA-treated HPdLF. Furthermore, osteoclasts stimulated with culture medium of mechanical stressed FA-treated HPdLF revealed significant changes in cell differentiation upon FA-treatment. For the first time, our results highlight a potential role of specific FA in the function of HPdLF-modulated AB remodeling and help to elucidate the complex interplay of bone metabolism, mechanical stimulation and obesity-induced alterations.

Numerical simulation of hydro-mechanical coupling of periodontal ligament

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Ashrafi ◽  
Farzan Ghalichi ◽  
Behnam Mirzakouchaki ◽  
Iman Zoljanahi Oskui
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Incisor Tooth ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Applied Forces

Orthodontic tooth movement in the alveolar bone is due to the mechanical response of periodontal ligament to applied forces. Definition of a proper constitutive model of the periodontal ligament to investigate its response to orthodontic loading is required. For this purpose, a three-dimensional finite element model of incisor tooth, periodontal ligament, and bone was built utilizing the hydro-mechanical coupling theory. Tooth displacement in response to orthodontic loading was then investigated, and the effect of different mechanical behaviors assigned to the solid phase of the periodontal ligament was compared. Results showed that where the periodontal ligament was placed in tension, pore volume was filled with fluid intake from the bone, but fluid flow direction was from the periodontal ligament toward the bone where the periodontal ligament was placed in compression. Because of the existence of interaction between solid and fluid phases of the periodontal ligament, considering biphasic material formulation was capable to address its microscopic behavior as well as time-dependent and large deformation behaviors. This article provides beneficial biomechanical data for future dental studies in determination of optimal orthodontic force.

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