scholarly journals Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Cedikova ◽  
Michaela Kripnerová ◽  
Jana Dvorakova ◽  
Pavel Pitule ◽  
Martina Grundmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Colour Appearance

Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.

scholarly journals Effect of Quercetin on Non-shivering Thermogenesis and Intestinal Microbial Populations (P06-037-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dammah Otieno ◽  
Ya Pei ◽  
Inah Gu ◽  
Sun-Ok Lee ◽  
Hye Won Kang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract Objectives Activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissues and alteration in intestinal microbiome have been linked with improved obese condition. With emerging evidences of dietary compounds to prevent obesity, the objective of this study was to examine whether quercetin activates non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissues and influences intestinal microbiome, which eventually improves obese condition. Methods Four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 1% quercetin (Q) for 16 weeks. On the completion of the feeding study, brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT), and cecum were collected. Total RNA was extracted from BAT and WAT, and then cDNA was synthesized. The expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of non-shivering thermogenesis such as uncoupling protein 1 (ucp1), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (cidea), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ), pparγ-coactivator 1 alpha (pgc1α), fibroblast growth factor 21 (fgf21), positive regulatory domain containing 16 (prdm16), and T-box protein 1 (tbx1) were determined by a real-time PCR. The expression of the proteins such as UCP1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was assessed by western blot analysis. Microbial populations in cecum were analyzed via the Illumnia MiSeq sequencing platform and QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) Software. Results Mice fed HFDQ showed reduced body weight and retroperitoneal (R) WAT weight compared to mice fed HFD. Quercetin supplementation increased the expression of ucp1, prdm16, pgc1α, cidea, and tbx1 genes in BAT and RWAT of mice fed HFD. The expression of UCP1 protein and phosphorylation of AMPK were increased. However, browning effect was not observed in other WATs. Mice fed LFDQ and HFDQ exhibited higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes than mice fed LFD and HFD whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes was decreased. Conclusions Quercetin may be a potential dietary compound that increases energy metabolism by activating BAT and attracting beige adipocytes in RWAT. In addition, quercetin-induced energy metabolism may have a correlation with changes of microbial populations in intestine. Funding Sources The work was supported by USDA.

scholarly journals A Palette of Adipose Tissue: Multiple Functionality and Extraordinary Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
José Rodrigo Pauli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
The Third ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

After the knowledge of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ and its role as a regulator of metabolisms, studies have advanced on its biological function. Previously, only two adipose tissues were identified in mammals, white and brown adipose tissue. White adipocytes store lipids mainly with the function of energy reserve and brown for thermal homeostasis. Due to the plasticity of adipose tissue and its ability to proliferate and differentiate, the third type of adipocyte, beige, emerged. Beige adipocytes originate from white adipocytes that have acquired phenotypic brown characteristics in response to different stimuli, this process is known as browning. More recently, the plastic properties allowed the identification of the fourth type of adipose tissue, the pink.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Antiobesity and Antioxidant Effect of Purple Sweet Potato Extracts and Enhancement of the Effects by Fermentation

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Seul Gi Lee ◽  
Jongbeom Chae ◽  
Dong Se Kim ◽  
Jung-Bok Lee ◽  
Gi-Seok Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato

The browning of white adipocytes, which transforms energy-storing white adipocytes to heat-producing beige adipocytes, is considered a strategy against metabolic diseases. Several dietary compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, induce a brown adipocyte-like phenotype in white adipocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) extract (PSP) exhibited potent radical scavenging activity. In addition, PSP was found to contain large amounts of phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds; the amount of these compounds was affected by fermentation. Functionally, PSP-induced adipose browning in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The administration of PSP significantly suppressed the body weight gain and abnormal expansion of white adipose tissues in the obese mice. The expression of adipose browning-related genes was higher in the inguinal white adipose tissues from the PSP-treated mice than those in the HFD-fed mice. Moreover, PSP-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes formed multilocular lipid droplets, similar to those formed in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with a browning induction cocktail. The PSP-treated cells had an increased expression level of mitochondria and lipolysis-related genes. The browning effects of PSP were enhanced by fermentation with Lactobacillus. This study, to our knowledge, is the first to identify a new mechanism to increase the antiobesity effects of PSP by inducing adipocyte browning of adipocytes.

scholarly journals Redox Regulation of Lipid Mobilization in Adipose Tissues

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Ursula Abou-Rjeileh ◽  
G. Andres Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Lipid Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Processes

Lipid mobilization in adipose tissues, which includes lipogenesis and lipolysis, is a paramount process in regulating systemic energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are byproducts of cellular metabolism that exert signaling functions in several cellular processes, including lipolysis and lipogenesis. During lipolysis, the adipose tissue generates ROS and RNS and thus requires a robust antioxidant response to maintain tight regulation of redox signaling. This review will discuss the production of ROS and RNS within the adipose tissue, their role in regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis, and the implications of antioxidants on lipid mobilization.

scholarly journals Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Beige Adipocyte ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Beige Cells ◽  
Adipocyte Development

While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and ‘beiging’, as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.

scholarly journals Lsd1 prevents age-programed loss of beige adipocytes

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. 5265-5270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Duteil ◽  
Milica Tosic ◽  
Dominica Willmann ◽  
Anastasia Georgiadi ◽  
Toufike Kanouni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
And Function

Aging is accompanied by major changes in adipose tissue distribution and function. In particular, with time, thermogenic-competent beige adipocytes progressively gain a white adipocyte morphology. However, the mechanisms controlling the age-related transition of beige adipocytes to white adipocytes remain unclear. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) is an epigenetic eraser enzyme positively regulating differentiation and function of adipocytes. Here we show that Lsd1 levels decrease in aging inguinal white adipose tissue concomitantly with beige fat cell decline. Accordingly, adipocyte-specific increase of Lsd1 expression is sufficient to rescue the age-related transition of beige adipocytes to white adipocytes in vivo, whereas loss of Lsd1 precipitates it. Lsd1 maintains beige adipocytes by controlling the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara), and treatment with a Ppara agonist is sufficient to rescue the loss of beige adipocytes caused by Lsd1 ablation. In summary, our data provide insights into the mechanism controlling the age-related beige-to-white adipocyte transition and identify Lsd1 as a regulator of beige fat cell maintenance.

scholarly journals CD90 Is Dispensable for White and Beige/Brown Adipocyte Differentiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7907
Author(s):  
Meike Dahlhaus ◽  
Julian Roos ◽  
Daniel Engel ◽  
Daniel Tews ◽  
Daniel Halbgebauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adipose Tissue Stromal Cells ◽  
Flow Cytometric Sorting

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ in rodents and humans. In mice, the transplantation of BAT has been successfully used to combat obesity and its comorbidities. While such beneficial properties of BAT are now evident, the developmental and cellular origins of brown, beige, and white adipocytes have remained only poorly understood, especially in humans. We recently discovered that CD90 is highly expressed in stromal cells isolated from human white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to BAT. Here, we studied whether CD90 interferes with brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging. We applied flow cytometric sorting of human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs), a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout strategy in the human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocyte model system, as well as a siRNA approach in human approaches supports the hypothesis that CD90 affects brown or white adipogenesis or white adipocyte beiging in humans. Taken together, our findings call the conclusions drawn from previous studies, which claimed a central role of CD90 in adipocyte differentiation, into question.

Expression characteristics of ANGPTL-3 and ANGPTL-4 in duck liver and adipose tissues during early post-hatching development

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Kou ◽  
Yangmei Zhao ◽  
Hehe Liu ◽  
Wanxia Wang ◽  
Jiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Peking Duck

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 and -4 (ANGPTL-3 and -4) are generally related to lipid metabolism as well as angiogenesis in animals, however very less was known about their mRNA expression characterizations in tissue development. In this study, the mRNA expressions of ANGPTL-3 and ANGPTL-4 (ANGPTL-3 and -4) and tissue distribution in Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos) of 1 to 8 weeks of age were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR methods. It was observed that ANGPTL-3 and -4 mRNAs were broadly expressed in duck liver and adipose tissues and were most abundant in intra-abdominal adipose tissue (AD). ANGPTL-3 and -4 had different expression patterns in tissues. These data suggested that both duck ANGPTL-3 and -4 could be related to the development of tissues, and ANGPTL-4 may contribute to the development of adipose tissue through promoting adipocyte differentiation.

Acute peripheral tissue effects of ghrelin on interstitial levels of glucose, glycerol, and lactate: a microdialysis study in healthy human subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (12) ◽  
pp. E1273-E1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard ◽  
Niels Møller ◽  
Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Basal Period

Ghrelin is a gut-derived peptide and an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor. Intravenous infusion of ghrelin induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and increases circulating levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Our objective was to investigate whether the metabolic effects are mediated directly by ghrelin in skeletal muscle and adipose (peripheral and central) tissues. Ten healthy men (24.9 ± 1.3 yr) received 300 min of supraphysiological ghrelin administration by microdialysis catheters in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues in a randomized, single-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Microdialysis perfusates were analyzed every 30 min for glucose, glycerol, and lactate during both a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. The primary outcome measures were interstitial concentrations of glucose, glycerol, and lactate in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Interstitial concentrations of glucose were similar in skeletal muscle, peripheral, and central adipose tissue in the basal period. During hyperinsulinemia, interstitial concentrations of glucose in skeletal muscle decreased in response to ghrelin exposure [2.84 ± 0.25 (ghrelin) vs. 3.06 ± 0.26 mmol/l (placebo), P = 0.04]. Ghrelin exposure did not impact on interstitial concentrations of glycerol and lactate. We conclude that ghrelin administration into skeletal muscle decreases interstitial concentrations of glucose during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, which is indicative of increased insulin sensitivity without any effects on interstitial glycerol levels in either muscle or adipose tissue. These data contrast with the metabolic effects of ghrelin observed after systemic exposure and suggest the existence of a second messenger that remains to be identified.

scholarly journals Sesamol promotes browning of white adipocytes to ameliorate obesity by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibition mitophagy via β3-AR/PKA signaling pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Lin ◽  
Jihua Chen ◽  
Minmin Hu ◽  
Wenya Zheng ◽  
Ziyu Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Protein Kinase A ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Kinase A

Background: Obesity is defined as an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, and it is a serious risk factor of non-communicable diseases. Recently many studies have shown that promoting browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) to increase energy consumption has a great therapeutic potential for obesity. Sesamol, a lignan from sesame oil, had shown potential beneficial functions on obesity treatment. Objective: In this study, we used C57BL/6J mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes to investigate the effects and the fundamental mechanisms of sesamol in enhancing the browning of white adipocytes to ameliorate obesity. Methods: Sixteen-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to establish the obesity models. Half of the obese mice were administered with sesamol (100 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]/day [d] by gavage for another 8 weeks. Triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol assay kits were used to quantify serum TG and total cholesterol (TC). Oil red O staining was used to detect lipid droplet in vitro. Mito-Tracker Green was used to detect the mitochondrial content. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the levels of beige-specific genes. Immunoblotting was used to detect the proteins involved in beige adipocytes formation. Results: Sesamol decreased the content of body fat and suppressed lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, sesamol significantly upregulated uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein in adipose tissue. Further research found that sesamol also significantly activated the browning program in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, manifested by the increase in beige-specific genes and proteins. Moreover, sesamol greatly increased mitochondrial biogenesis, as proved by the upregulated protein levels of mitochondrial biogenesis, and the inhibition of the proteins associated with mitophagy. Furthermore, β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), protein kinase A-C (PKA-C) and Phospho-protein kinase A (p-PKA) substrate were elevated by sesamol, and these effects were abolished by the pretreatment of antagonists β3-AR. Conclusion: Sesamol promoted browning of white adipocytes by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibiting mitophagy through the β3-AR/PKA pathway. This preclinical data promised the potential to consider sesamol as a metabolic modulator of HFD-induced obesity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document