Investigation of Various Cross-Linking Methods for the Immobilization of Cytosine Arabinoside on Bacterial Magnetosomes

Bacterial magnetosomes (BMs) have emerged as potential drug delivery vehicles, possessing an iron oxide or iron sulfide core surrounded by a natural lipid membrane shell. In this study, we immobilized cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) effectively on BMs by using various methods such as direct absorption (ABMs), and others include different cross-linkers such as genipin (GP) and glutaraldehyde (G). A well-dispersed Ara-C coupled bacterial magnetosomes resulted in significantly higher negative charge than that of naked BMs (−11.5±0.3 mV) confirming the drug loading. Out of all methods, direct absorption process led to the highest encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of88.2±4.3% and46.9±1.2%, respectively. These designs have shown the long-term drug release behavior without an initial burst release. Our results indicate that BMs-based nanoconjugates will potentially find widespread applications in pharmaceutical field.

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Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26123589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 3589

Author(s):

Rui Liu ◽

Alessandro Poma

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Imprinted Polymers ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

The Past ◽

Drug Molecules ◽

Delivery Vehicles

Despite the tremendous efforts made in the past decades, severe side/toxic effects and poor bioavailability still represent the main challenges that hinder the clinical translation of drug molecules. This has turned the attention of investigators towards drug delivery vehicles that provide a localized and controlled drug delivery. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as novel and versatile drug delivery vehicles have been widely studied in recent years due to the advantages of selective recognition, enhanced drug loading, sustained release, and robustness in harsh conditions. This review highlights the design and development of strategies undertaken for MIPs used as drug delivery vehicles involving different drug delivery mechanisms, such as rate-programmed, stimuli-responsive and active targeting, published during the course of the past five years.

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Recent Advancements in Serum Albumin-Based Nanovehicles Toward Potential Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Frontiers in Chemistry ◽

10.3389/fchem.2021.746646 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Xue Shen ◽

Xiyang Liu ◽

Tingting Li ◽

Yin Chen ◽

Yang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Essential Information ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Albumin Nanoparticles ◽

Diagnosis And Therapy ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Cancer Diagnosis And Therapy

Recently, drug delivery vehicles based on nanotechnology have significantly attracted the attention of researchers in the field of nanomedicine since they can achieve ideal drug release and biodistribution. Among the various organic or inorganic materials that used to prepare drug delivery vehicles for effective cancer treatment, serum albumin-based nanovehicles have been widely developed and investigated due to their prominent superiorities, including good biocompatibility, high stability, nontoxicity, non-immunogenicity, easy preparation, and functionalization, allowing them to be promising candidates for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This article reviews the recent advances on the applications of serum albumin-based nanovehicles in cancer diagnosis and therapy. We first introduce the essential information of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA), and discuss their drug loading strategies. We then discuss the different types of serum albumin-based nanovehicles including albumin nanoparticles, surface-functionalized albumin nanoparticles, and albumin nanocomplexes. Moreover, after briefly discussing the application of serum albumin-based nanovehicles used as the nanoprobes in cancer diagnosis, we also describe the serum albumin-based nanovehicle-assisted cancer theranostics, involving gas therapy, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), phototherapy (PTT/PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and other therapies as well as cancer imaging. Numerous studies cited in our review show that serum albumin-based nanovehicles possess a great potential in cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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Sustained Local Delivery of Diclofenac from Three-Dimensional Ultrafine Fibrous Protein Scaffolds with Ultrahigh Drug Loading Capacity

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9070918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 918

Author(s):

S. M. Kamrul Hasan ◽

Ran Li ◽

Yichao Wang ◽

Narendra Reddy ◽

Wanshuang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Loading ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Burst Release ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

Fibrous Scaffolds ◽

Fibrous Protein ◽

Loading Methods ◽

Functional Components

The three-dimensional (3D) ultrafine fibrous scaffolds loaded with functional components can not only provide support to 3D tissue repair, but also deliver the components in-situ with small dosage and low fusion frequency. However, the conventional loading methods possess drawbacks such as low loading capacity or high burst release. In this research, an ultralow concentration phase separation (ULCPS) technique was developed to form 3D ultrafine gelatin fibers and, meanwhile, load an anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, with high capacities for the long-term delivery. The developed scaffolds could achieve a maximum drug loading capacity of 12 wt.% and a highest drug loading efficiency of 84% while maintaining their 3D ultrafine fibrous structure with high specific pore volumes from 227.9 to 237.19 cm3/mg. The initial release at the first hour could be reduced from 34.7% to 42.2%, and a sustained linear release profile was observed with a rate of about 1% per day in the following 30 days. The diclofenac loaded in and released from the ULCPS scaffolds could keep its therapeutic molecular structure. The cell viability has not been affected by the release of drug when the loading was less than 12 wt.%. The results proved the possibility to develop various 3D ultrafine fibrous scaffolds, which can supply functional components in-situ with a long-term.

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Influence of the Core Formulation on Features and Drug Delivery Ability of Carbamate-Based Nanogels

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21186621 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 6621

Author(s):

Filippo Pinelli ◽

Fabio Pizzetti ◽

Óscar Fullana Ortolà ◽

Alessandro Marchetti ◽

Arianna Rossetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Loading ◽

High Volume ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

Pluronic F127 ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

The Core ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Novel Drug

In the last years, nanogels have emerged as one of the most promising classes of novel drug delivery vehicles since they can be employed in multiple fields, such as various therapeutics or diagnostics, and with different classes of compounds and active molecules. Their features, such as a high volume to surface ratio, excellent drug loading and release ability, as well as biocompatibility and tunable behavior, are unique, and, nowadays, great efforts are made to develop new formulations that can be employed in a wider range of applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polyethylenimine (PEI) nanogels probably represent the baseline of this class of biomaterials and they are still largely employed and studied. In any way, the possibility to exploit new core formulations for nanogels is certainly very interesting in order to understand the influence of different polymer chains on the final properties of the system. In this research, we explore and make a comparison between PEG-PEI nanogels and two other different formulations: pluronic F127-PEI nanogels and PEG-Jeffamine nanogels. We propose nanogels synthesis methods, their chemical and physical characterization, as well as their stability analysis, and we focus on the different drug delivery ability that these structures exhibit working with different typologies of drug mimetics.

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Albumin and functionalized albumin nanoparticles: production strategies, characterization, and target indications

Asian Biomedicine ◽

10.1515/abm-2020-0032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 217-242

Author(s):

Abhishek Srivastava ◽

Anjali Prajapati

Keyword(s):

Drug Loading ◽

Raw Material ◽

Receptor Ligands ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Ideal Candidate ◽

Albumin Nanoparticles ◽

Production Strategies ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Effective Use ◽

Enhanced Surface

AbstractThe inherent properties of albumin facilitate its effective use as a raw material to prepare a nanosized drug delivery vehicles. Because of the enhanced surface area, biocompatibility, and extended half-life of albumin nanoparticles, a number of drugs have been incorporated in albumin matrices in recent years. Furthermore, its ability to be conjugated to various receptor ligands makes albumin an ideal candidate for the increased delivery of drugs to specific sites. The present review provides an in-depth discussion of production strategies for the preparation of albumin and conjugated albumin nanoparticles and for the targeting of these formulations to specific organs and cancer cells. This review also provides insights into drug loading, release patterns, and cytotoxicity of various drug-loaded albumin nanoparticles.

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The state-of-play and future of platinum drugs

Endocrine Related Cancer ◽

10.1530/erc-15-0237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. R219-R233 ◽

Cited By ~ 137

Author(s):

Michael G Apps ◽

Eugene H Y Choi ◽

Nial J Wheate

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Loading ◽

50Th Anniversary ◽

Platinum Drugs ◽

Research Focus ◽

Preclinical Development ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Enhanced Permeability And Retention ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Proteins And Peptides

The year 2015 marks the 50th anniversary since the discovery of the anticancer potential of cisplatin and it remains just as useful now as it did back then, especially for the treatment of some endocrine-related cancers like ovarian and testicular carcinomas. Since its discovery, five other platin drugs have received approval in various countries. While several new platin drugs are in preclinical development, in the last decade only two new platin drugs have entered clinical trials, LA-12 and dicycloplatin, reflecting a shift in research focus from new drug design to improved formulations of already approved platin drugs. These formulations include their encapsulation with macrocycles to slow and prevent their degradation by proteins and peptides; their attachment to nanoparticles to passively target solid tumours through the enhanced permeability and retention effect and their coordination to important nutrients, proteins, antibodies and aptamers for active tumour targeting. These formulation methods have all shown potential but none have yet yielded a new marketable medicine containing a platin drug. The reasons for this are problems of consistent drug loading, controlling the location and timing of drug release and the inherent toxicity of some of the drug delivery vehicles. In addition to drug delivery, functional genomics is now playing an increasing role in predicting patients' responses to platin chemotherapy and their likelihood of experiencing severe side effects.

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Controlled Delivery of Levothyroxine Using Porous Silicon as a Drug Nanocontainer

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch15315 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 204 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Soheila Kashanian ◽

Elham Rostami ◽

Frances J. Harding ◽

Steven J. P. McInnes ◽

Sameer Al-Bataineh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Porous Silicon ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Controlled Delivery ◽

Sustained Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Zero Order Release ◽

Delivery Vehicles

Porous silicon (pSi) materials are regarded as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, in vivo degradation, and resorption. We examine pSi films as a platform for the controlled delivery of levothyroxine, as a means to overcome problems with consistent dosage of this drug by oral administration. Oxidized pSi films were modified with 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), creating a surface chemistry that increased levothyroxine drug loading capacity by 50 % and sustained drug release under physiological conditions for 14 days. Release kinetics from APTES-functionalized films initially followed a zero-order release profile, which is highly desirable for drug delivery. The loading and release profiles of levothyroxine suggest that the film size required to deliver a therapeutic dose is feasible for further consideration as an implantable delivery system.

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Basics for Improved Use of Phages for Therapy

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10060723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 723

Author(s):

Philip Serwer ◽

Elena T. Wright ◽

Jorge De La Chapa ◽

Cara B. Gonzales

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Lytic Phage ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Pseudomonas Chlororaphis ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Cause Of Failure ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Phage Isolation

Blood-borne therapeutic phages and phage capsids increasingly reach therapeutic targets as they acquire more persistence, i.e., become more resistant to non-targeted removal from blood. Pathogenic bacteria are targets during classical phage therapy. Metastatic tumors are potential future targets, during use of drug delivery vehicles (DDVs) that are phage derived. Phage therapy has, to date, only sometimes been successful. One cause of failure is low phage persistence. A three-step strategy for increasing persistence is to increase (1) the speed of lytic phage isolation, (2) the diversity of phages isolated, and (3) the effectiveness and speed of screening phages for high persistence. The importance of high persistence-screening is illustrated by our finding here of persistence dramatically higher for coliphage T3 than for its relative, coliphage T7, in murine blood. Coliphage T4 is more persistent, long-term than T3. Pseudomonas chlororaphis phage 201phi2-1 has relatively low persistence. These data are obtained with phages co-inoculated and separately assayed. In addition, highly persistent phage T3 undergoes dispersal to several murine organs and displays tumor tropism in epithelial tissue (xenografted human oral squamous cell carcinoma). Dispersal is an asset for phage therapy, but a liability for phage-based DDVs. We propose increased focus on phage persistence—and dispersal—screening.

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Nanoscale Functional Biomaterials for Cancer Theranostics

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170406111036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (25) ◽

pp. 2987-3000 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Linying Liu ◽

Xiaoshuang Li ◽

Lei Chen ◽

Xin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Brain Cancer ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Lower Side ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Functional Nanoparticles ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Functional Biomaterials ◽

Cancer Theranostics

Nanomedicine is widely developed in recent years. In nanomedicine system, nanoscale and nanostructured functional materials are used to manipulate the human biology systems at the molecular level for cancer imaging and therapy. New nanostructure based functional materials consist of nanoscale liposomes, spheres, micelles, capsules, emulsion, suspension and phamacosomes. Several functional nanoparticles such as lipidbased and polymer-based materials are demonstrated to be drug delivery vehicles and imaging agents. These materials are biodegradable, biocompatible and have better biodistribution, lower side effect and lower toxicity. In addition, hybrids with these materials coating provide uniquely electrical, optical and magnetic properties. This review discusses the research on the applications of functional materials, especially nanoparticles as imaging contrast agents, cancer therapeutic agents and multi-functional agents and this review focused on the theranostic integration treatments on liver cancer and brain cancer.

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