A Novel Low-Cost Real-Time Power Measurement Platform for LoWPAN IoT Devices

With the rapid development of technology and application for Internet of Things (IoT), Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (LoWPAN) devices are more popularly applied. Evaluation of power efficiency is important to LoWPAN applications. Conventional method to evaluate the power efficiency of different LoWPAN devices is as follows: first measure the current of the devices under working/idle/sleep state and then make an average and estimation of the lifetime of batteries, which deeply relied on the accuracy of testing equipment and is not that accurate and with high cost. In this work, a low-cost, real-time power measurement platform called PTone is proposed, which can be used to detect the real-time power of LoWPAN devices (above 99.63%) and be able to determine the state of each module of DUT system. Based on the PTone, a novel abnormal status diagnosis mechanism is proposed. The mechanism can not only judge abnormal status but also find accurate abnormal status locating and classify abnormal status accurately. According to the method, each state of Device Under Test (DUT) during wireless transmission is estimated, different abnormal status can be classified, and thus specific location of abnormal module can be found, which will significantly shorten the development process for LoWPAN devices and thus reduce costs.

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Tunable Low Power UWB Transmitter for WBAN Application

Journal of Circuits System and Computers ◽

10.1142/s0218126615500401 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (03) ◽

pp. 1550040 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Vinod Kumar ◽

M. Meenakshi

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Power Efficiency ◽

Delay Line ◽

Data Transfer ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wireless Body Area Network ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Area Network ◽

Coverage Area

This paper presents the design and simulation results for a Federal Communication Committee (FCC) complaint current starved delay line based Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Gaussian pulse transmitter, which is designed for operating in the 3.1–10.6 GHz range. The wavelet is a mono cycle Gaussian impulse wave, which is practically well suited for low cost, low power, low data rate wireless data transfer such as in wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The transmitter operating frequency and bandwidth (BW) is controlled using a dc voltage provided at the input stage of a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and this aspect can be exploited for increasing the communication coverage area without compromising on the power consumption. A Gaussian wave shaping is performed for FCC compliance and the simulation has been carried out with 130 nm technology. The simulation of our design suggests an average dynamic power consumption of 1.11 mw for an energy efficiency of 14.2 pJ/pulse. The proposed IR-UWB transmitter design though a bit inferior in terms of the power efficiency, can claim superior performance with respect to tuning the BW, which is very relevant in a cognitive wireless networking scenario with other interfering signals.

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High-Efficiency Wavelet Compressive Fusion for Improving MEMS Array Performance

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20061662 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1662 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Siyuan Liang ◽

Weilong Zhu ◽

Feng Zhao ◽

Congyi Wang

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Microelectromechanical Systems ◽

Inertial Sensor ◽

Low Cost ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Zero Bias ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Application Range

With the rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, low-cost MEMS inertial devices have been widely used for inertial navigation. However, their application range is greatly limited in some fields with high precision requirements because of their low precision and high noise. In this paper, to improve the performance of MEMS inertial devices, we propose a highly efficient optimal estimation algorithm for MEMS arrays based on wavelet compressive fusion (WCF). First, the algorithm uses the compression property of the multiscale wavelet transform to compress the original signal, fusing the compressive data based on the support. Second, threshold processing is performed on the fused wavelet coefficients. The simulation result demonstrates that the proposed algorithm performs well on the output of the inertial sensor array. Then, a ten-gyro array system is designed for collecting practical data, and the frequency of the embedded processor in our verification environment is 800 MHz. The experimental results show that, under the normal working conditions of the MEMS array system, the 100 ms input array data require an approximately 75 ms processing delay when employing the WCF algorithm to support real-time processing. Additionally, the zero-bias instability, angle random walk, and rate slope of the gyroscope are improved by 8.0, 8.0, and 9.5 dB, respectively, as compared with the original device. The experimental results demonstrate that the WCF algorithm has outstanding real-time performance and can effectively improve the accuracy of low-cost MEMS inertial devices.

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City Scale Particulate Matter Monitoring Using LoRaWAN Based Air Quality IoT Devices

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19010209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 209 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Steven J. Johnston ◽

Philip J. Basford ◽

Florentin M. J. Bulot ◽

Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea ◽

Natasha H. C. Easton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Area Network ◽

Wide Area Network ◽

Sensor Coverage ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Uk ◽

The City

Air Quality (AQ) is a very topical issue for many cities and has a direct impact on citizen health. The AQ of a large UK city is being investigated using low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, and the results obtained by these sensors have been compared with government operated AQ stations. In the first pilot deployment, six AQ Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been designed and built, each with four different low-cost PM sensors, and they have been deployed at two locations within the city. These devices are equipped with LoRaWAN wireless network transceivers to test city scale Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) coverage. The study concludes that (i) the physical device developed can operate at a city scale; (ii) some low-cost PM sensors are viable for monitoring AQ and for detecting PM trends; (iii) LoRaWAN is suitable for city scale sensor coverage where connectivity is an issue. Based on the findings from this first pilot project, a larger LoRaWAN enabled AQ sensor network is being deployed across the city of Southampton in the UK.

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A New Cable-Less Seismograph with Functions of Real-Time Data Transmitting and High-Precision Differential Self-Positioning

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20144015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 4015

Author(s):

Kang Liu ◽

Qingyu You ◽

Juan Wang ◽

Xiqiang Xu ◽

Pengcheng Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

High Precision ◽

Low Cost ◽

Area Network ◽

Time Data ◽

Zigbee Technology ◽

Field Quality ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Differential Positioning ◽

Working Efficiency

This study developed a new cable-less seismograph system, which can transmit seismic data in real-time and automatically perform high-precision differential self-positioning. Combining the ZigBee technology with the high-precision differential positioning module, this new seismograph system utilized the wireless personal area network (WPAN) and real-time kinematic (RTK) technologies to improve its on-site performances and to make the field quality control (QC) and self-positioning possible. With the advantages of low-cost, good scalability, and good compatibility, the proposed new cable-less seismograph system can improve the field working efficiency and data processing capability. It has potential applications in noise seismology and mobile seismic monitoring.

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Graphene Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Water Based Solution Process

Frontiers in Physics ◽

10.3389/fphy.2021.742563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Ismael Domingos ◽

Ana I. S. Neves ◽

Monica F. Craciun ◽

Helena Alves

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Solution Process ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Body Motion ◽

Area Network ◽

Power Sources ◽

Vital Signs Monitoring ◽

Triboelectric Nanogenerators

A rapid development in personal electronics has raised challenging requirements for portable and sustainable power sources. For example, in wearable technologies, the concept of wearable body area network brings body motion and vital signs monitoring together in synergy. For this, a key aspect is sustainable portable energy, available anywhere, at any time, as generated by triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). This technology usually demands high-cost processes and materials and still suffer from low power output, as well as unstable output values due to charge generating stimulus with variable intensities. In this work, we present TENGs using shear exfoliated graphene as electrodes as well as active triboelectric layer deposited by a simple solution process. Graphene in combination with polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used to produce TENG devices using low-cost solution processing methods. Device electrical power generation was tested with a cyclic physical stimulus for better control and understanding of device output. The triboelectric response of these materials showed open circuit voltages (Voc) and short-circuit currents (Isc)of approximately 233 V and 731 nA respectively when stimulated at 1.5 Hz. A power density of 13.14 μW/cm2 under a load of 200 MΩ was achieved, which can be 40 times higher when compared to devices made with aluminum and PDMS. These results demonstrate the potential of solution process for low-cost triboelectric devices for self-sustainable wearable portable nanogenerators on health and security applications using contact and positional sensors.

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Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Universal RFID Wireless Logistics Terminal in the Process of Logistics Traceability

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2021/9755258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xiaosheng Yu ◽

Zhili Wang

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Product Information ◽

Local Area Network ◽

Low Cost ◽

Frame Structure ◽

Area Network ◽

Uhf Rfid ◽

Rf Transceiver ◽

Traceability System ◽

Reader System

The logistics traceability system can cover the whole process of the product from the source of production to the consumption cycle. By distinguishing the key nodes of the product in the logistics sales process, the data information of the production and storage of the corresponding product is collected and entered at the corresponding node, so that the entire process is visible and controllable. On the basis of determining the overall system plan, this paper designs and develops the UHF RFID reader system and traceability system platform. In terms of the reader system, by analyzing its core functions and performance index requirements, the overall design scheme and frame structure of the reader system’s software and hardware are determined. The main control circuit is based on the STM32F103RET6 single-chip microcomputer; the RF transceiver circuit is based on the MagicRF M100. Simultaneously, we design a variety of communication circuits including LoRa and RJ45 to facilitate wireless communication with the traceability platform. In terms of software, through the research and analysis of the EPC Class-1 Generation-2 protocol standard, the multitag anticollision algorithm—Q algorithm—is adopted. This algorithm has the advantages of high recognition efficiency and a large number of successfully recognized tags per unit time. According to the design plan, the system is wirelessly networked in the B/S mode and the product information collected through RFID technology is transmitted to the management level to dynamically understand the information dynamics of logistics in real time. Using radio frequency, computer network, communication, and other technologies, the hardware and software systems of the system are integrated. The performance indicators of the hardware system are tested through experiments, and the design indicators are compared to prove the feasibility of the equipment application. After setting up the local area network and configuring the server configuration, the traceability system was accessed and the verification of the basic functions of the system was completed. The test results show that the low-cost universal RFID wireless logistics terminal has high accuracy and real-time performance in the process of logistics traceability.

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Design and Implementation of Remote Intelligent Control System Based on Cortex-M3

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3336 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 513-517 ◽

pp. 3336-3339

Author(s):

Jun Yang ◽

Wen Long Li ◽

Ruo Xin Zhu ◽

Guang Hui Cai

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Real Time ◽

Intelligent Control ◽

Low Cost ◽

Rapid Development ◽

The Internet ◽

Web Browser ◽

Intelligent Control System ◽

Control Terminal ◽

And Control

With the rapid development of the Internet, the remote control technology was demanded more. In this paper, we designed a simple and practical remote intelligent control system, using CGI technology to complete the construction of Web servers and embedding uCOSII as the real-time operating system in Cortex-M3 core processor. By porting TCP/IP protocol stack, users could login in the server to access and control the system via the Internet. Using NRF2401 wireless technology to build a terminal network, the terminal carried out intelligent control with field data collected by sensors. Meanwhile, users could make monitor and control on a control terminal via a Web browser on a PC or mobile. The remote intelligent control system was stable, real-time, low cost, fit for the smart home, industrial remote monitor and so on, so it would have a better application prospects.

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SKINNY-Based RFID Lightweight Authentication Protocol

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20051366 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1366 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liang Xiao ◽

He Xu ◽

Feng Zhu ◽

Ruchuan Wang ◽

Peng Li

Keyword(s):

Radio Frequency Identification ◽

Low Cost ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Denial Of Service ◽

Mutual Authentication ◽

Security Analysis ◽

Authentication Protocol ◽

Security Requirements ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Lightweight Authentication

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and the popularization of 5G communication technology, the security of resource-constrained IoT devices such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-based applications have received extensive attention. In traditional RFID systems, the communication channel between the tag and the reader is vulnerable to various threats, including denial of service, spoofing, and desynchronization. Thus, the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data cannot be guaranteed. In order to solve these security problems, in this paper, we propose a new RFID authentication protocol based on a lightweight block cipher algorithm, SKINNY, (short for LRSAS). Security analysis shows that the LRSAS protocol guarantees mutual authentication and is resistant to various attacks, such as desynchronization attacks, replay attacks, and tracing attacks. Performance evaluations show that the proposed solution is suitable for low-cost tags while meeting security requirements. This protocol reaches a balance between security requirements and costs.

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DNS-Based Dynamic Authentication for Microservices in IoT

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2191233 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (19) ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

Daniel Sánchez ◽

Andrés López ◽

Florina Mendoza ◽

Patricia Arias Cabarcos

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Ubiquitous Computing ◽

Real Time ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Time Data ◽

Elapsed Time ◽

Real Time Data ◽

Nomadic Users ◽

Iot Devices

IoT devices provide with real-time data to a rich ecosystems of services and applications that will be of uttermost importance for ubiquitous computing. The volume of data and the involved subscribe/notify signaling will likely become a challenge also for access and core netkworks. Designers may opt for microservice architectures and fog computing to address this challenge while offering the required flexibility for the main players of ubiquitous computing: nomadic users. Microservices require strong security support for Fog computing, to rely on nodes in the boundary of the network for secure data collection and processing. IoT low cost devices face outdated certificates and security support, due to the elapsed time from manufacture to deployment. In this paper we propose a solution based on microservice architectures and DNSSEC, DANE and chameleon signatures to overcome these difficulties. We will show how trap doors included in the certificates allow a secure and flexible delegation for off-loading data collection and processing to the fog. The main result is showing this requires minimal manufacture device configuration, thanks to DNSSEC support.

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Performance and Power Consumption Analysis of IEEE802.11ah for Smart Grid

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2018/5286560 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Zhe Zheng ◽

Wenpeng Cui ◽

Lei Qiao ◽

Jinghong Guo

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Power Efficiency ◽

Wireless Local Area Network ◽

Local Area Network ◽

Low Cost ◽

Optical Fiber Communication ◽

Area Network

IEEE802.11ah is a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) designed for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M), mainly used in sensor network, smart metering, car network, health care, and other emerging fields. IEEE802.11ah inherits the IEEE802.11n∖ac technology. At present, smart grid has completed the installation of optical fiber communication as its backbone network; WLAN can be used to build new wireless sensor network for smart grid by improving the transmission distance, speed, and power efficiency. The critical features of 802.11ah make it a powerful candidate for WLAN in smart grid, such as intelligent substation sensor network and automatic metering system (AMS). This paper simulates the new added highly robust 1MHz bandwidth and Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) 10 in the 802.11ah physical layer and analyzes the coverage range and energy-saving performance of 802.11ah based on the simulation results. The analysis shows that the 802.11ah at 1 MHZ MCS 10 mode can obtain 2.5-3 dB gain. Combined with advantages of Sub-1GHz working frequency, 802.11ah could enlarge the coverage range by five times, compared to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi. On the other side, 802.11ah module used in the smart grid can greatly reduce power consumption, especially in the AMS with a 1.1 kW.H power savings per year. 802.11ah not only provides the flexibility and low cost features of wireless communication, but also brings coverage and energy-saving performance improvements, which leads to good economic benefit.

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