Characterization of Portuguese Centenarian Eating Habits, Nutritional Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Case Control Study

Background and Aims. Eating habits may contribute to longevity. We characterized the eating habits and cardiovascular risk (CVR) biomarkers in Portuguese centenarians (CENT) compared to controls. Methods and Results. Centenarians (n=253), 100.26 ± 1.98 years, were compared with 268 controls (67.51 ± 3.25), low (LCR) and high (HCR) CVR (QRISK®2-2016). Anthropometric and body composition were evaluated by bioimpedance. Abdominal obesity, BMI, and fat mass (FM) cut-offs were according to the WHO. Sarcopenia was defined by muscle mass index cut-off ≤ 16.7 kg/m2. Daily red meat intake, adjusted for age and gender, was sarcopenia protective (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.096–0.670, P=0.006); however, it contributes for FM excess (OR = 4.946, 95% CI = 1.471–16.626, P=0.01), overweight, and obesity (OR = 4.804, 95% CI = 1.666–13.851, P=0.004). This centenarian eating habit (2%) contrasts to HCR (64.3%). The history of red meat (P<0.0001) and canned/industrialized food intakes (P<0.0001) was associated with HCR. Basal metabolism was lower in centenarians versus LCR/HCR (CENT = 1176.78 ± 201.98; LCR = 1356.54 ± 170.65; HCR = 1561.33 ± 267.85; P<0.0001), BMI (CENT = 21.06 ± 3.68; LCR = 28.49 ± 4.69; HCR = 29.56 ± 5.26; P<0.0001), waist circumference (CENT = 85.29 ± 10.83; LCR = 96.02 ± 11.71; HCR = 104.50 ± 11.84; P<0.0001), and waist-hip ratio (CENT = 0.88 ± 0.07; LCR = 0.92 ± 0.08; HCR = 1.01 ± 0.08; P<0.0001). CENT had lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and cholesterol/HDL ratio than controls. Conclusions. Frequent consumption of red meat, cholesterol, and heme iron rich may contribute to obesity and increased CVR. The low frequency of this consumption, observed in centenarians, although associated with sarcopenia, may be one of the keys to longevity.

Download Full-text

Association between WHO cut-offs for childhood overweight and obesity and cardiometabolic risk

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012004776 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 625-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Mercedes de Onis ◽

Cecilia Martínez-Costa ◽

Francisco Núñez ◽

Georges Nguefack-Tsague ◽

Angeles Montal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Overweight Children ◽

Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽

High Insulin ◽

Mean Differences

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between cardiovascular risk and childhood overweight and obesity using the BMI cut-offs recommended by the WHO.DesignChildren were classified as normal weight, overweight and obese according to the WHO BMI-for-age reference. Blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and uric acid levels were compared across BMI groups. ANOVA and tests of linearity were used to assess overall mean differences across groups. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for adverse plasma levels of biochemical variables.SettingPaediatric care centres.SubjectsChildren (n 149) aged 8–18 years.ResultsAbout 37 %, 22 % and 41 % of children were classified respectively as normal weight, overweight and obese. There were significant linear mean differences between BMI groups in systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, TAG, insulin, HOMA-IR and uric acid. Obese children were 10·6 times more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension; OR for other associations were 60·2 (high insulin), 39·5 (HOMA-IR), 27·9 (TAG), 16·0 (HDL-cholesterol), 4·3 (LDL-cholesterol) and 3·6 (uric acid). Overweight children were more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension (OR = 3·5), high insulin (OR = 28·2), high HOMA-IR (OR = 23·3) and high TAG (OR = 16·1). Nearly 92 % and 57 % of the obese and overweight children, respectively, had one or more risk factor.ConclusionsObesity and overweight defined using the WHO BMI-for-age cut-offs identified children with higher metabolic and vascular risk. These results emphasize the importance of prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Download Full-text

Femoral Intima-media Thickness, Risk Factors, and Markers of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease

Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine ◽

10.2478/jim-2018-0032 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 141-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zsuzsanna Jeremiás ◽

Katalin Makó ◽

Anca Bogdan ◽

Ioana Miu ◽

Alexandra Șerdean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

Media Thickness ◽

History Of ◽

Peripheral Arterial

Abstract Introduction: The burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral vascular pathologies caused by atherosclerosis is constantly increasing. There is continuous research aiming to develop new methods that can evaluate the extent of atherosclerotic disease in different vascular beds, thus estimating global risk. Similar to carotid artery thickness, which is an established marker for increased cardiovascular risk and cerebrovascular disease, femoral intima-media thickness (f-IMT) may have the same role in case of peripheral arterial involvement. The aim of the study was determine whether f-IMT, determined at the level of the superficial femoral artery, is related to traditional risk factors, markers of peripheral vascular atherosclerosis and inflammation. Material and methods: Forty-six patients with known cardiovascular disease were included in the study. Demographical data, cardiovascular history, and risk factors were assessed. We determined metabolic parameters (uric acid, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides), renal function (creatinine and GFR), and inflammation status for all patients. Each patient underwent ultrasound examination of the superficial femoral artery, by which f-IMT was determined for right and left limbs. Ankle-brachial index was also calculated. Data from the low (f-IMT <0.75 mm) and high (f-IMT >0.75 mm) f-IMT groups were compared and correlation coefficients were determined in each groups for f-IMT in relation to the other parameters. Results: Mean age was 71.08 ± 9.78 years. 86.95% of the patients suffered from hyper-tension, 56.62% had coronary heart disease, and 21.73% had a history of stroke. More females had history of hypertension and CAD. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were dyslipidemia (68.86%), diabetes (21.73%), and smoking (21.73%). There were significant differences between gender groups for total cholesterol levels (161.36 ± 25.04 mg/dL, 95%CI 150.26–172.47 in males vs. 201.33 ± 52.73 mg/dL, 95%CI 170.07–223.60 in females, p = 0.02), creatinine values (1.04 ± 0.22 mg/dL, 95%CI 0.94–1.14 for males vs. 0.91 ± 0.23 mg/dL, 95%CI 0.81–1.00 for females, p = 0.018), and left f-IMT (0.87 ± 0.18 mm, 95%CI 0.79–0.95 for males vs. 0.75 ± 0.10 mm, 95%CI 0.70–0.79 for females, p = 0.0049). In the group with low f-IMT, a significant, reverse correlation was established between f-IMT, uric acid (r = −0.483, p = 0.042), and right ABI (r = −730, p = 0.0006). In the group with high f-IMT, age (r = 0.408, p = 0.031), fasting glucose (r = 0.407, p = 0.034), total cholesterol (r = 0.429, p = 0.02), HDL-cholesterol (r = −0.56, p = 0.0019), triglycerides (r = 0.45, p = 0.01), hs-CRP (r = 0.45, p = 0.01), and left ABI (r = −0.71, p <0.0001) showed a significant correlation to f-IMT. Conclusions: Increased femoral intima-media thickness is related to age, cardiovascular risk factors, and markers of peripheral arterial disease. Patients with higher f-IMT have a more augmented inflammatory status. Based on these correlations, in patients with cardiovascular disease, f-IMT could become a marker for increased cardiovascular risk.

Download Full-text

CArdiovascular Risk Awareness of ItaliaN WOMEN The A.R.C.A. (Associazioni Regionali Cardiologi Ambulatoriali) CARIN WOMEN survey

CARDIOLOGIA AMBULATORIALE ◽

10.17473/1971-6818-2021-1-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 73-82

Author(s):

Adele Lillo ◽

Ettore Antoncecchi ◽

Valeria Antoncecchi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Eating Habits ◽

School Attendance ◽

Family Doctor ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Italian Women ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Sex and gender differences change biology and pathophysiology. Up to now there has been no attention to this problem and the results of scientific research conducted mainly in men were inappropriately shifted to the female sex. The female “umbrella-hormone” bias has come to minimize the impact of risk factors and cardiovascular disease which instead are the leading cause of death in women in developed countries. To take stock of female awareness in Italy and identify methods and topics of intervention, ARCA (Associazioni Regionali Cardiology Ambulatoriali), with the collaboration of GISeG (Gruppo Italiano Salute e Genere), conducted a survey enrolling 2,856 women, mainly interviewed in cardiological outpatient clinics. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 53.8 ± 13.4 years, school attendance was generally low for a European country (with 53% of senior high school diploma or degree). Forty percent of respondents were single. Awareness of traditional risk factors was high, slightly less for diabetes mellitus (81%). The presence of cardiovascular events was strongly correlated with age and the number of conventional risk factors. Lifestyle change seemed to be difficult for a large percentage of women, mainly the eating habits (45%). Ninety one percent declared to need more information about the CVR and over 80% would like the family doctor to provide it. In conclusion, women’s awareness of their cardiovascular risk is still not optimal and the interviewees believe that they need to be primarily informed by their family doctor.

Download Full-text

Key Predictors of Overweight and Obesity in Adult Population

Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention ◽

10.22359/cswhi_12_5_12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 79-86

Author(s):

M. Popovicova ◽

M. Belovicova ◽

P. Snopek ◽

J. Babecka

Keyword(s):

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Adult Population ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender ◽

Overweight Or Obesity

Introduction: According to experts, overweight and obesity, are the most dangerous civilization diseases of today. World- wide, over 312 million people are obese and another 1.3 billion suffer from obesity. Increased weight is a significant health risk and it means a decrease in quality of life and, especially in life expectancy. Because of this, in our research, weaddressthe problem of current society which is overweight and obesity. Methods:To verify hypotheses, we used chi-square test of inde- pendence. It is a universal statistical test with wide use. It is most often used to verify the relation between nominal type variables. Results:By analyzing the results, we have found that over- weight or obesity of the parents, respondents’ satisfaction, eating habits and gender are related to overweight and obesity of the respondents. However, we have not found a relation between the physical activity of the respondents and their overweight or obesity. In case our respondents do not exercise and have bad eating habits, their body weight would be likely to increase. Conclusion:To prevent the development of overweight and obesity and its complications that have a negative impact on our health, it is necessary to make a targeted and effective in- tervention that is aimed at a healthy lifestyle.

Download Full-text

Identificación de cofactores nutricionales asociados a neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en mujeres de San Luis Potosí

Tequio ◽

10.53331/teq.v2i4.4577 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 37-47

Author(s):

Omar Medina de la Cruz ◽

Edgar Villegas Hinojosa ◽

Darío Gaytán Hernández ◽

Sandra Olimpia Gutiérrez Enríquez ◽

Verónica Gallegos García

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

San Luis ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

San Luis Potosi ◽

History Of ◽

San Luis Potosí

Cervical Cancer (CeCa) is a public health problem worldwide. The natural history of the disease goes through different degrees of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms that modulate its transformation, depending on various co-factors related to the eating habits of patients, overweight and obesity, the consumption of food supplements and the intake of light products. The objective of this article is to identify those nutritional co-factors associated with the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women from the city of San Luis Potosí, through the study of cases (100) and controls (300) of patients diagnosed with different grades of CIN by colposcopy, in addition to this, a validated questionnaire was applied, descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out, as well as the calculation of Odds Ratio (OR). The results indicate that the nutritional co-factors identified with a statistical significance were the intake of light and green tea soft drinks, as they are linked to the appearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm.

Download Full-text

Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/1305413 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Alda Pereira da Silva ◽

Maria do Céu Costa ◽

Laura Aguiar ◽

Andreia Matos ◽

Ângela Gil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Aging Process ◽

Red Meat ◽

Exceptional Longevity ◽

Regular Consumption ◽

Additive Action ◽

Frequent Consumption ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽

Oxide Synthase

Background. Cardiovascular risk (CVR) underlies aging process and longevity. Previous work points to genetic and environmental factors associated with this risk. Objectives. The aim of this research is to look for any CVR gene-gene and gene-multifactorial/lifestyle interactions that may impact health and disease and underlie exceptional longevity. Methods. A case-control study involving 521 both gender individuals, 253 centenarians (100.26±1.98 years), and 268 controls (67.51±3.25 years), low (LCR, n=107) and high (HCR, n=161) CVR. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI, kg·m-2), and impaired kidney function were defined according to standard criteria. CVR was calculated using Q risk®. DNA was genotyping (ACE-rs4646994, AGT-rs4762, AGR1-rs5182, GRK4-rs2960306, GRK4-rs1024323, NOS3-rs1799983, and SLC12A3-rs13306673) through iPlex-MassARRAY®, read by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and analyzed by EARTDECODE®. Results. Antilongevity factors consisted (OR 95% CI, p<0.05) BMI 1.558 (1.445-1.680), hypertension 2.358 (1.565-3.553), smoking habits 4.528 (2.579-7.949), diabetes 5.553 (2.889-10.675), hypercholesterolemia 1.016 (1.010-1.022), and regular consumption of red meat 22.363 (13.987-35.755). Genetic aspects particularly for HCR individuals ACE II (OR: 3.96 (1.83-8.56), p<0.0001) and NOS3 TT (OR: 3.11 (1.70-5.70), p<0.0001) genotypes were also risk associate. Obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and frequent consumption of red meat have an additive action to hypertension in the longevity process. There was a synergistic interaction between the endothelial NOS3 genotypes and the severity of arterial hypertension. An epistatic interaction between functional genetic variants of GRK4 and angiotensinogen was also observed. Conclusions. Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. Besides lifestyle, the activity of nitrite oxide synthase may be one of the main physiologic regulators of cardiovascular protection in the path of longevity.

Download Full-text

The comparison of cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Catholics and Seventh-day Adventists living in southern Poland

Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century ◽

10.1515/pielxxiw-2017-0022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

Anna Majda ◽

Joanna Zalewska-Puchała ◽

Iwona Bodys-Cupak ◽

Alicja Kamińska ◽

Marcin Suder

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Event ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Review Literature ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southern Poland

Abstract Introduction. A review literature concerning the religious affiliation and that of cardiovascular disease did not show any clear correlations between these variables. Aim. To determine selected cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of a cardiovascular event among Seventh-day Adventists (SDA) and Catholics. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the years 2014-2015 among 252 people, including 118 Seventhday Adventists and 134 Catholics over 18 years of age, residents of southern Poland. The results of the following were analysed: anthropometric measurements, an interview questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests, as well as the SCORE scale. Results. The mean concentration of homocysteine and triglycerides in Catholics was significantly higher than in Adventists. Adventists had significantly higher blood pressure and mean HDL cholesterol concentration than Catholics. On the basis of BMI, overweight and obesity were ascertained in a somewhat greater percentage of Catholics than Adventists, and on the basis of waist circumference, android obesity was found to be more common in Catholics than in Adventists. Conclusions. Based on the SCORE scale, the risk of a cardiovascular event was significantly higher in Catholics than in Adventists.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Obesity in Medical students and its correlation with cardiovascular risk factors: Emergency Alarm for Today?

Kathmandu University Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/kumj.v13i4.16834 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 341-345

Author(s):

G. Purohit ◽

T. Shah ◽

J.M. Harsoda

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Medical Students ◽

Family History ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

History Of

Background It is predicted that the prevalence of overweight and obesity will rise significantly by 2015 in young population. Problem of overweight and obesity has been recognized as public health problem worldwide due to the fact that it increases the risk of chronic diseases such as Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), stroke, diabetes, sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis etc.Objective To assess the body mass index in medical students and its association with various cardiovascular risk factors like blood pressure, dietary habits, and family history of cardiovascular diseases.Method A university based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Department of Physiology, Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute & Research Center, Vadodara, Gujarat. Data was collected through convenient sampling technique by using self-administered questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurement. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 138 first year medical students was assessed. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse rate and arterial oxygen saturation were measured.Result Data was compiled in excel sheet, analyzed for percentage and proportion. Chi square and Pearson correlation test were also applied and alpha error was set at 5% level. In comparison to the students with normal BMI, students with BMI >25 kg/m2 (N=49) showed significantly high blood pressure indices. Dietary habits and family history of cardiovascular diseases were also noted. Highly significant association of high BMI was found with elevated blood pressure (X2=7.4042***, p<0.001) and presence of family history of cardiovascular diseases X2=9.8625***, p<0.001). BMI is negatively correlated with SpO2 (r= -0.0504, p<0.05) and pulse rate, while positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (r=0.2736) and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.0275).Conclusion In conclusion, majority (more than 35%) of medical students were overweight, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors like family history, elevated blood pressure and less SpO2.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity in Brazilian immigrants in Massachusetts

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-8144-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rachel A. Klabunde ◽

Felippe Lazar Neto ◽

Andressa Louzada ◽

Ricardo Faé de Moura ◽

Fernando Morelli Calixto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Weight Status ◽

Soft Drink ◽

Red Meat ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Behavioral Risk Factors ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

The Usa ◽

Frequent Consumption ◽

Brazilian Immigrants

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity are important risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, and their prevalence is on the rise worldwide. This study seeks to describe the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity in Brazilian immigrants living in Massachusetts, United States of America (USA). Methods Modeled after a survey on behavioral risk factors for chronic disease conducted annually in Brazil (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico: Vigitel), Brazilian immigrants aged 18+ (n = 361) were surveyed between December 2013 and March 2014. Information was obtained from consenting participants regarding their demographic characteristics, physical activity, dietary and lifestyle habits, and other behavioral risk factors. Weight status was estimated from body mass index (BMI), calculated from self-reported height and weight data. Participants were categorized as overweight/obese if their BMI was ≥25; overweight and obese categories were combined to ensure appropriate sample size. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was estimated using STATA, and significant predictors were identified via multi-variable logistic regression. Odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p-values were determined. Results The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity in the sample was 47.6%. Significant predictors of overweight and obesity were gender (men OR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.78; women are comparison group), working in the 3 months prior to the survey (OR 2.90, 95% CI: 1.01, 8.30), and longer duration living in the USA (OR per additional year 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.11). Significant dietary predictors of overweight/obesity included 5 or more days per week of consumption of red meat (OR red meat 3.70, 95% CI: 1.47, 9.26) or of sweetened beverages, like soft drinks also known as soda (OR soda 2.40, 95% CI: 1.00, 5.78) compared with less frequent consumption of these foods. Conclusions This study suggests that long duration of time lived in the USA increases odds of overweight and obesity for Brazilian immigrants living in Massachusetts. Efforts to curb increases in overweight and obesity in this population should focus not only on the men and those who work but also the women. Possible intervention measures should target soda (soft drink) and red meat consumption in Brazilian immigrants.

Download Full-text

Cardiovascular Risk Factors among First Year Medical Students

Journal of Lumbini Medical College ◽

10.22502/jlmc.v5i2.159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 64-68

Author(s):

Raj Krishna Dangol ◽

Bibek Koju ◽

Priya Lanjekar ◽

Chandrashekhar Pulipati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Medical Students ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

First Year ◽

Low Hdl ◽

History Of ◽

First Year Medical Students

Introduction: Detection of cardiovascular risk in young age is important to motivate them to modify life styles and seek health care early to lower the chances of acquiring cardiovascular disease in later age. This study was done to assess cardiovascular risk factors among first year medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted throughout September and October 2017 in which all first year medical students from a medical college were assessed for the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Participants’ demography, family history of illness, anthropometric measurements, and blood reports of lipid profile and fasting glucose were acquired. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-21). Result: There were 99 participants; 55 males and 44 females. One or more risk factors were present in 87 (87.9%) participants. Moreover, 67.7% (n = 67) participants had more than one risk factors. Low HDL-cholesterol was the most common (n = 55, 55.6%) risk factor followed by elevated triacylglycerol (n = 47, 47.5%) and family history of hypertension (n = 45, 45.5%). There was no significant difference in presence of various risk factors between genders. Conclusion: There was higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among first year medical students. Majority of them had more than one risk factors. Low HDL-cholesterol was the most common risk factor. The risk factors were comparable in males and females.

Download Full-text