scholarly journals Follicular Development and Secretion of Ovarian Hormones during the Juvenile and Adult Reproductive Lives of the Myelin MutanttaiepRat: An Animal Model of Demyelinating Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. P. Muñoz-de-la-Torre ◽  
J. R. Eguibar ◽  
C. Cortés ◽  
A. Ugarte ◽  
A. Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Estral Cycle ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Infertility and reproductive problems have been reported in women with several neurological disorders, for example, demyelination. However, the physiology of such problems has remained unknown so far. Thetaieprats are an animal neurological model that initially shows a hypomyelination followed by a progressive demyelination of the central nervous system. This animal has reproductive problems, and the aim of this work is to characterize the follicular development, secretion of ovarian hormones, and presence of noradrenaline in the ovaries of the femaletaieprats in the juvenile and adult stages. Thetaieprats have low body weight (approximately 19% less than that of SD rats), a delay of 4 days in the age of vaginal opening, and an irregularity in the estrous cycle by the absence or prolongation of some estral cycle stage. In the juvenile stage, we observed a decrease of approximately 44% in the total number of follicles with a 15% increase of atresia and an 80% decrease in the fluorescence intensity of catecholamines in the ovaries, with a 21% increment in plasma concentrations of testosterone. In the adult stage, we observed follicular cysts and a 50% decrease in fluorescence intensity of catecholamines in the ovaries, with changes in the secretion of ovarian hormones, an increase of 20 times in progesterone, and a decrement of a half in estradiol. The demyelination intaieprats affects follicular development and steroidogenesis in the early stages of the animal’s life, and this is maintained until adulthood.

FSH AND LH LEVELS IN THE INTACT AND UNILATERALLY OVARIECTOMIZED CYCLING RAT

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Peppler
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Successive Cycle ◽  
Unilateral Ovariectomy ◽  
Subsequent Cycle ◽  
Intact Rats

ABSTRACT Intact 5-day cycling rats were killed between 8–10 a. m. on each day of the oestrous cycle; experimental rats were unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) at 9 a. m. on day 1 (oestrus) and killed between 8 and 10 a. m. on days 2, 3, 4 or 1 of the subsequent cycle. Pituitary and plasma concentrations of FSH and LH were measured in both groups of rats. Pituitary FSH concentration was measured by the Steelman-Pohley method with slight modification; plasma FSH by the Igarashi-McCann assay and pituitary and plasma LH concentration by the OAAD method. In intact rats, pituitary FSH values remained constant for the first three days of the cycle, increased on day 4 and reverted to early cycle values by day 5. Plasma FSH increased between days 2 and 3 and days 5 and 1. Pituitary LH concentration remained the same for days 1 and 2; increased two-fold on days 3 and 4, and increased further by day 5. Plasma LH increased between days 2 and 3; other differences between successive cycle days were not apparent. Following ULO on day 1, pituitary FSH increased steadily, but not significantly, for the remaining cycle. Plasma FSH did not change from day 2 through day 1 of the subsequent cycle. Pituitary LH remained low on day 2, increased sharply by day 3 and decreased (50 %) by day 4. Plasma LH also increased between days 2 and 3. Other differences between successive days following unilateral ovariectomy on day 1 were not apparent. Correlation of gonadotrophin activity with follicular development suggests that the mechanism of compensatory ovulation in the rat may be one of an increase in time of exposure to a constant gonadotrophic level for the duration of the oestrous cycle rather than to increased levels of the gonadotrophin.

Modeling Studies of the Dynamic Control of Hepatic Glucose Balance

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-275
Author(s):  
R. N. Bergman ◽  
M. El Refai
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Hepatic Glucose ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The survival of mammals is dependent upon a relatively constant, adequate supply of glucose to the central nervous system, despite large fluctuations in the amount of food available. When food is abundant, the liver stores ingested carbohydrate as glycogen, and during fasts, the stored glycogen is released at a precisely regulated rate to maintain the blood glucose level. The rates of storage and release of carbohydrate by the liver are determined by the plasma concentrations of several bloodborne signals; most important are the concentrations of glucose, and the hormones insulin and glucagon. To understand the complex control relationships of these three signals as they affect the liver, their individual dynamic influences have been determined experimentally, and they have been integrated by means of a computer simulation of the pathways of hepatic glycogen metabolism. The simulation studies have led to specific hypotheses about the biochemical effects of glucose and insulin on the liver. The simulation studies have also led to the conclusion that glucose exerts a rapid moment-to-moment influence of glucose on the rate of uptake of glucose by the liver. Insulin, however, by exerting a slower influence on the sensitivity of the liver to glucose, is very effective in “optimizing” the amount of glycogen which the liver stores food during food intake. Thus, integrated experimental and simulation studies can lead to a view of a physiological regulating system which does not emerge from either approach used alone.

scholarly journals Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Demyelinating Disease with Specific Morphological Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692199356
Author(s):  
Fleur Cordier ◽  
Lars Velthof ◽  
David Creytens ◽  
Jo Van Dorpe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Its characteristic perivenular demyelination and inflammation aid in the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Here, we present a clinical case of ADEM, summarize its histological hallmarks, and discuss pitfalls concerning the most important neuropathological differential diagnoses.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy as an Informational Reservoir Dynamically Linked to Metabolic and Immunological Processes Associated with COVID-19 Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Stefano ◽  
Richard M. Kream
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Heteroplasmy

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is the dynamically determined co-expression of wild type (WT) inherited polymorphisms and collective time-dependent somatic mutations within individual mtDNA genomes. The temporal expression and distribution of cell-specific and tissue-specific mtDNA heteroplasmy in healthy individuals may be functionally associated with intracellular mitochondrial signaling pathways and nuclear DNA gene expression. The maintenance of endogenously regulated tissue-specific copy numbers of heteroplasmic mtDNA may represent a sensitive biomarker of homeostasis of mitochondrial dynamics, metabolic integrity, and immune competence. Myeloid cells, monocytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells undergo programmed changes in mitochondrial metabolism according to innate and adaptive immunological processes. In the central nervous system (CNS), the polarization of activated microglial cells is dependent on strategically programmed changes in mitochondrial function. Therefore, variations in heteroplasmic mtDNA copy numbers may have functional consequences in metabolically competent mitochondria in innate and adaptive immune processes involving the CNS. Recently, altered mitochondrial function has been demonstrated in the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Accordingly, our review is organized to present convergent lines of empirical evidence that potentially link expression of mtDNA heteroplasmy by functionally interactive CNS cell types to the extent and severity of acute and chronic post-COVID-19 neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Genetic Approaches Using Zebrafish to Study the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Jae-Geun Lee ◽  
Hyun-Ju Cho ◽  
Yun-Mi Jeong ◽  
Jeong-Soo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Bidirectional Signaling ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional signaling pathway mediating the interaction of the microbiota, the intestine, and the central nervous system. While the MGBA plays a pivotal role in normal development and physiology of the nervous and gastrointestinal system of the host, its dysfunction has been strongly implicated in neurological disorders, where intestinal dysbiosis and derived metabolites cause barrier permeability defects and elicit local inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, concomitant with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, mobilization and infiltration of immune cells into the brain, and the dysregulated activation of the vagus nerve, culminating in neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction of the brain and behavioral abnormalities. In this topical review, we summarize recent findings in human and animal models regarding the roles of the MGBA in physiological and neuropathological conditions, and discuss the molecular, genetic, and neurobehavioral characteristics of zebrafish as an animal model to study the MGBA. The exploitation of zebrafish as an amenable genetic model combined with in vivo imaging capabilities and gnotobiotic approaches at the whole organism level may reveal novel mechanistic insights into microbiota–gut–brain interactions, especially in the context of neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Meningitis Caused by Salmonella Newport in a Five-Year-Old Child

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ana De Malet ◽  
Sheila Ingerto ◽  
Israel Gañán
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Negative Bacillus ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
Gram Negative Bacillus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Salmonella Newport is a Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the Enterobacteria family and the nontyphi Salmonella (NTS), usually related to gastroenteritis. Main difference between NTS and Salmonella typhi is that the last one evolves to an invasive disease easier than NTS. These can progress to bacteremias in around 5% of cases and secondary focuses can appear occasionally, as in meningitis. An infection of the central nervous system is uncommon, considering its incidence in 0.6–8% of the cases; most of them are described in developing countries and mainly in childhood, especially neonates. Bacterial meningitis by NTS mostly affects immunosuppressed people in Europe. Prognosis is adverse, with a 50% mortality rate, mainly due to complications of infection: hydrocephalus, ventriculitis, abscesses, subdural empyema, or stroke. Choice antibiotic treatments are cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ceftazidime. The aim of this paper is to present a case of meningitis caused by Salmonella Newport diagnosed in a five-year-old girl living in a rural area of the province of Ourense (Spain), with favorable evolution and without neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota as an Alternative Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Wu ◽  
Yuyu Zhang ◽  
Hongyu Yang ◽  
Yuefeng Rao ◽  
Jing Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

Epilepsy is one of the most widespread serious neurological disorders, and an aetiological explanation has not been fully identified. In recent decades, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the influential role of autoimmune mechanisms in the progression of epilepsy. The hygiene hypothesis draws people’s attention to the association between gut microbes and the onset of multiple immune disorders. It is also believed that, in addition to influencing digestive system function, symbiotic microbiota can bidirectionally and reversibly impact the programming of extraintestinal pathogenic immune responses during autoimmunity. Herein, we investigate the concept that the diversity of parasitifer sensitivity to commensal microbes and the specific constitution of the intestinal microbiota might impact host susceptibility to epilepsy through promotion of Th17 cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS).

scholarly journals Emerging Synaptic Molecules as Candidates in the Etiology of Neurological Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana I. Torres ◽  
Daniela Vallejo ◽  
Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Invertebrate Models

Synapses are complex structures that allow communication between neurons in the central nervous system. Studies conducted in vertebrate and invertebrate models have contributed to the knowledge of the function of synaptic proteins. The functional synapse requires numerous protein complexes with specialized functions that are regulated in space and time to allow synaptic plasticity. However, their interplay during neuronal development, learning, and memory is poorly understood. Accumulating evidence links synapse proteins to neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the way in which several proteins that participate in cell adhesion, scaffolding, exocytosis, and neurotransmitter reception from presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments, mainly from excitatory synapses, have been associated with several synaptopathies, and we relate their functions to the disease phenotype.

Intake of Anti-Epileptic Drugs and their Influences on Sexual Dysfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roheela Yasmeen ◽  
Nida Mobeen ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Khan ◽  
Irfan Aslam ◽  
Samia Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. Itis not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does notreceive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary inaction. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunctionand adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a commoncomorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is causedby different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexualdysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cyclein women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ),Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverseeffect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexualdysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine,Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexualdysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements areeffective in improving the quality of life.

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