scholarly journals Potential Crosstalk between Fructose and Melatonin: A New Role of Melatonin—Inhibiting the Metabolic Effects of Fructose

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Valenzuela-Melgarejo ◽  
Claudia Caro-Díaz ◽  
Gerardo Cabello-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Clock Gene Expression ◽  
Harmful Effects

Increased consumption of energy-dense foods such as fructose-rich syrups represents one of the significant, growing concerns related to the alarming trend of overweight, obesity, and metabolic disorders worldwide. Metabolic pathways affected by fructose involve genes related to lipogenesis/lipolysis, beta-oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation pathways, or altering of circadian production of insulin and leptin. Moreover, fructose can be a risk factor during pregnancy elevating the risk of preterm delivery, hypertension, and metabolic impairment of the mother and fetus. Melatonin is a chronobiotic and homeostatic hormone that can modulate the harmful effects of fructose via clock gene expression and metabolic pathways, modulating the expression of PPARγ, SREBF-1 (SREBP-1), hormone-sensitive lipase, C/EBP-α genes, NRF-1, PGC1α, and uncoupling protein-1. Moreover, this hormone has the capacity in the rat of reverting the harmful effects of fructose, increasing the body weight and weight ratio of the liver, and increasing the body weight and restoring the glycemia from mothers exposed to fructose. The aim of this review is to show the potential crosstalk between fructose and melatonin and their potential role during pregnancy.

A study on the safety evaluation of buphrenorphine administered through an autoinjector compared with manual injection using haematological and biochemical variables in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sheela ◽  
R Vijayaraghavan ◽  
S Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Significant Change

Buprenorphine drug cartridge was made for autoinjector device for use in emergency and critical situations to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Water-filled cartridges were prepared and buprenorphine was injected aseptically in the cartridge, to make 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, buprenorphine (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), repeatedly with the autoinjector and compared with manual injection (7 days and 14 days) using various haematological and biochemical parameters. No significant change was observed in the body weight, organ to body weight ratio and haematological variables in any of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Except serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase, no significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The autoinjectors deliver the drugs with spray effect and force for faster absorption. In the present study, the autoinjector meant for intramuscular injection was injected intraperitoneally in rats, and the drug was delivered with force on the vital organs. No significant difference was observed in the autoinjector group compared to the manual group showing tolerability and safety of the buphrenorphine autoinjector. This study shows that buprenorphine autoinjector can be considered for further research work.

scholarly journals Allylmethylsulfide, a Sulfur Compound Derived from Garlic, Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Soheb Anwar Mohammed ◽  
Bugga Paramesha ◽  
Yashwant Kumar ◽  
Ubaid Tariq ◽  
Sudheer Kumar Arava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Enalapril Treatment ◽  
Histopathological Investigation

Allylmethylsulfide (AMS) is a novel sulfur metabolite found in the garlic-fed serum of humans and animals. In the present study, we have observed that AMS is safe on chronic administration and has a potential antihypertrophic effect. Chronic administration of AMS for 30 days did not cause any significant differences in the body weight, electrocardiogram, food intake, serum biochemical parameters, and histopathology of vital organs. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of AMS suggests that AMS is rapidly metabolized into Allylmethylsulfoxide (AMSO) and Allylmethylsulfone (AMSO2). To evaluate the efficacy of AMS, cardiac hypertrophy was induced by subcutaneous implantation of ALZET® osmotic minipump containing isoproterenol (~5 mg/kg/day), cotreated with AMS (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) and enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. AMS and enalapril significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy as studied by the heart weight to body weight ratio and mRNA expression of fetal genes (ANP and β-MHC). We have observed that TBARS, a parameter of lipid peroxidation, was reduced and the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were improved in the AMS and enalapril-cotreated hypertrophic hearts. The extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) were significantly upregulated in the diseased hearts; however, with the AMS and enalapril, it was preserved. Similarly, caspases 3, 7, and 9 were upregulated in hypertrophic hearts, and with the AMS and enalapril treatment, they were reduced. Further to corroborate this finding with in vitro data, we have checked the nuclear expression of caspase 3/7 in the H9c2 cells treated with isoproterenol and observed that AMS cotreatment reduced it significantly. Histopathological investigation of myocardium suggests AMS and enalapril treatment reduced fibrosis in hypertrophied hearts. Based on our experimental results, we conclude that AMS, an active metabolite of garlic, could reduce isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and stabilizing ECM components.

scholarly journals Prevention of pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary vascular remodeling by antenatal simvastatin treatment in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (7) ◽  
pp. L672-L682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Makanga ◽  
Hidekazu Maruyama ◽  
Celine Dewachter ◽  
Agnès Mendes Da Costa ◽  
Emeline Hupkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽  
Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Hypoplasia ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Pulmonary Vessel

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has a high mortality rate mainly due to lung hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Simvastatin has been shown to prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in experimental models of PH. We, therefore, hypothesized that antenatal simvastatin would attenuate PPHN in nitrofen-induced CDH in rats. The efficacy of antenatal simvastatin was compared with antenatal sildenafil, which has already been shown to improve pathological features of PPHN in nitrofen-induced CDH. On embryonic day (E) 9.5, nitrofen or vehicle was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. On E11, nitrofen-treated rats were randomly assigned to antenatal simvastatin (20 mg·kg−1·day−1 orally), antenatal sildenafil (100 mg·kg−1·day−1 orally), or placebo administration from E11 to E21. On E21, fetuses were delivered by cesarean section, killed, and checked for left-sided CDH. Lung tissue was then harvested for further pathobiological evaluation. In nitrofen-induced CDH, simvastatin failed to reduce the incidence of nitrofen-induced CDH in the offspring and to increase the body weight, but improved the lung-to-body weight ratio and lung parenchyma structure. Antenatal simvastatin restored the pulmonary vessel density and external diameter, and reduced the pulmonary arteriolar remodeling compared with nitrofen-induced CDH. This was associated with decreased lung expression of endothelin precursor, endothelin type A and B receptors, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase, together with restored lung activation of apoptotic processes mainly in the epithelium. Antenatal simvastatin presented similar effects as antenatal therapy with sildenafil on nitrofen-induced CDH. Antenatal simvastatin improves pathological features of lung hypoplasia and PPHN in experimental nitrofen-induced CDH.

Studies on the toxicological effect of the aqueous extract of the fresh, dried and boiled berries of Solanum aculeastrum Dunal in male Wistar rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 765-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
OM Aboyade ◽  
MT Yakubu ◽  
DS Grierson ◽  
AJ Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

The toxicological effect of the aqueous extract of fresh, dried and boiled berries of Solanum aculeastrum Dunal at 1, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight was investigated in male Wistar rats for 28 days. The parameters used were the body weight of the animals and absolute weights of the organs, haematological parameters, renal and liver functional endpoints. The animals gained appreciable weight and showed no signs of clinical toxicity. The dried (DB), boiled dried (BDB), fresh (FB) and boiled fresh berry (BFB) extracts reduced (p < .05) the heart-, liver-and spleen-body weight ratio of the animals whereas that of the lung was not altered. The kidney and testes-body weight ratios were specifically altered by the different extract. All these were not accompanied by any histomorphological changes. The extracts did not alter (p > .05) the levels of RBC, Hb, PCV and albumin of the animals. The platelets were decreased by the DB and FB whereas BFB increased this parameter. The FB and BFB at all the doses also reduced the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the animals. With the exception of the FB where the creatinine and chloride levels decreased, other extracts did not alter the level of these kidney parameters. Only FB increased the levels of uric acid and urea. All the extract decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of the animal. The levels of total protein, globulin, total and conjugated bilirubin were not altered by DB and BDB whereas these indices were increased by FB and BFB. The DB and BDB increased the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity whereas FB decreased the activity of the enzyme. In contrast, DB and BDB decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity of the animals whereas FB and BFB increased the activity of the enzyme. The FB and BFB also increased the levels of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus of the animals. Overall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters by the various extracts of S. aculeastrum berries at these doses indicated that the normal functioning of these organs may be adversely affected. However, drying and boiling might reduce the toxic effect of the berries.

scholarly journals Correction of body weight and body composition in martial arts

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Max Aranson ◽  
Edvin Ozolin ◽  
Olga Tuponogova
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
Competition Rules ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Harmful Effects

Aim of this paper is the analysis of the current issue of correction of body weight and body composition of wrestlers according to the literature. Research methods and organization. We carried out the review of the studies on the methods of correction (maintenance or change) of body weight and body composition, as well as the associated conservation of water balance in representatives of the Olympic martial arts. We reviewed the studies published in domestic and foreign scientific literature. Research results. It is a well-known fact that decrease in the caloric content of the diet goes together with an in- adequate and significant decrease in the intake of basic nutrients. Increased weight loss can cause pathological body changes and even death. This problem is especially significant for women's sports. The current practice of rapid weight reduction results in the loss of liquid; however, such methods are still popular, despite the actual evidence of their harmful effects on the body. Conclusion. Main methods of overcoming problems occurring during correction of body weight and body composition include regulation of competition rules, health control in a pre-competition period and training in sport activities.

scholarly journals Studies of Body Weight/Heart Weight [C/S] Ratio in Treated and Untreated Experimental Pulmonary Barotrauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Piotr Siermontowski ◽  
Wojciech Kozłowski ◽  
Katarzyna Pleskacz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pulmonary Barotrauma ◽  
Pulmonary Parenchyma ◽  
Sudden Decrease

AbstractThe prerequisite of development of pulmonary barotrauma [PB] is retention of the breathing mix in the lungs during a sudden decrease in external pressure or its administration into the airways under increased pressure or in a volume exceeding the maximum lung capacity. In such cases, the pulmonary parenchyma ruptures and air enters both the pleural cavity and/or the lumen of ruptured blood vessels located in the alveolar septa. The result is permanent disruption of the pulmonary parenchyma.The aim of the study was to assess the influence of post-PB lesions on the heart muscle and the importance of hyperbaric treatment on the exacerbation of such lesions in the heart. The hearts of 35 rabbits were used in the study. In animals of the experimental group, PB was induced in the pressure chamber using the proprietary method described in previous publications. Part of the animals in this group were treated with air hyperbaria. The comparison group consisted of animals, which did not undergo PB during a simulated dive. All animals were weighed, observed for four weeks and then put to death following the experiment. In autopsy, among others, whole hearts were collected and weighed after fixation. Subsequently, the C/S ratio, i.e. the body to heart weight ratio, was calculated. The measurement results were subject to statistical analysis. A statistically significant increase in the C/S ratio was found, indicating an increase in the share of heart weight in the total body weight in the group of animals with PB not treated with air hyperbaria as compared to the control group.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Juhás ◽  
Alexandra Bukovská ◽  
Štefan Čikoš ◽  
Soňa Czikková ◽  
Dušan Fabian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Paw Oedema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Rosemary Essential Oil

Essential oils are plant secondary metabolites possessing various pharmacological properties, primarily anti-oxidative, antimicrobial or immunomodulative, but they can exhibit toxic and allergic effects as well. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil dietary administration in carrageenan paw oedema and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis. ICR mice received rosemary essential oil at three concentrations (1 250, 2 500 and 5 000 ppm) in the standard laboratory diet starting two weeks before the experiments. The inflammation of paws induced by carrageenan application was evaluated by measurement of paw swelling, paw weight and myeloperoxidase activity. In the TNBS model the mice were killed by cervical dislocation 3 days after colitis induction and the mortality, changes in the body weight of mice, colon weight : body weight ratio, macroscopical scores and myeloperoxidase activity were analysed. Furthermore, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine levels in colonic tissue were quantified using ELISA assay. Dietary supplementation with 5 000 ppm of rosemary essential oil initially after 2 h increased but after 24 h suppressed the extent of paw oedema. The same dose in the TNBS model exhibited protective effects on colonic mucosa and significantly decreased macroscopic scores for colonic inflammation. On the other hand, in colon samples from mice fed the diet with 1 250 ppm of rosemary essential oil we detected decreased myeloperoxidase activity and significantly lower levels of IL-6 compared to TNBS control animals. Our results indicate that rosemary essential oil is able to influence several variables of murine experimental inflammatory models depending on the concentration used. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of rosemary essential oil should be interpreted carefully due to its timeand dose-related effects.

scholarly journals Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel Extract Containing Ellagic Acid Promotes Lipolysis and Thermogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5954
Author(s):  
Kyeong Jo Kim ◽  
Eui-Seon Jeong ◽  
Ki Hoon Lee ◽  
Ju-Ryun Na ◽  
Soyi Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Rubus Coreanus ◽  
Associated Proteins

Previously, we demonstrated that a 5% ethanol extract of unripe Rubus coreanus (5-uRCK) and ellagic acid has hypocholesterolemic and antiobesity activity, at least partially mediated by the downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed animals. The present study investigated the thermogenic and lipolytic antiobesity effects of 5-uRCK and ellagic acid in HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and explored its mechanism of action. Mice fed an HFD received 5-uRCK or ellagic acid as a post-treatment or pretreatment. Both post-treated and pretreated mice showed significant reductions in body weight and adipose tissue mass compared to the HFD-fed mice. The protein levels of lipolysis-associated proteins, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL), and perilipin1 (PLIN1), were significantly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mouse epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Additionally, thermogenesis-associated proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), in inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT) were clearly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mice compared to HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that 5-uRCK and ellagic acid are effective for suppressing body weight gain and enhancing the lipid profile.

scholarly journals The uncoupling protein homologues: UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, StUCP and AtUCP

2000 ◽  
Vol 345 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel RICQUIER ◽  
Frédéric BOUILLAUD
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Anion Transporter ◽  
Ucp3 Gene ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Nadh Ratio ◽  
Plant Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Animal and plant uncoupling protein (UCP) homologues form a subfamily of mitochondrial carriers that are evolutionarily related and possibly derived from a proton/anion transporter ancestor. The brown adipose tissue (BAT) UCP1 has a marked and strongly regulated uncoupling activity, essential to the maintenance of body temperature in small mammals. UCP homologues identified in plants are induced in a cold environment and may be involved in resistance to chilling. The biochemical activities and biological functions of the recently identified mammalian UCP2 and UCP3 are not well known. However, recent data support a role for these UCPs in State 4 respiration, respiration uncoupling and proton leaks in mitochondria. Moreover, genetic studies suggest that UCP2 and UCP3 play a part in energy expenditure in humans. The UCPs may also be involved in adaptation of cellular metabolism to an excessive supply of substrates in order to regulate the ATP level, the NAD+/NADH ratio and various metabolic pathways, and to contain superoxide production. A major goal will be the analysis of mice that either lack the UCP2 or UCP3 gene or overexpress these genes. Other aims will be to investigate the possible roles of UCP2 and UCP3 in response to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory processes, fever and regulation of temperature in certain specific parts of the body.

Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Growth Hormone-Deficient Rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Harrap ◽  
Shari R. Datodi ◽  
Emma K. Crapper ◽  
Leon A. Bach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Deoxycorticosterone Acetate ◽  
F344 Rats

1. Growth hormone may influence cardiac growth during post-natal maturation or in response to hypertension, and the growth-hormone deficient dwarf rat model offers an opportunity to study this question. 2. We compared the blood pressure and heart weight of dwarf rats and Fischer (F344) control rats in early adulthood, after two hypertensive stimuli: unilateral renal ischaemia (two-kidney, one-clip) or the administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate and saline drinking fluid. 3. In untreated animals at 13 weeks of age the body weight of dwarf rats was significantly less than that of F344 rats, but the mean arterial pressure was similar. Although the hearts of dwarf rats were smaller than those of F344 rats, the heart weight/body weight ratio was significantly greater in dwarf rats. 4. Both dwarf and F344 rats developed similar hypertensive mean arterial pressures 5 weeks after left renal artery clipping or treatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate salt. The heart weights of hypertensive dwarf and F344 rats were equivalent, indicating a proportionally greater increase in cardiac size in dwarf rats for the same rise in blood pressure. 5. The plasma insulin-like growth factor-I level was markedly lower in dwarf than in F344 rats, and hypertension did not have any significant effects on these levels. 6. These findings indicate that the developmental increase in blood pressure and heart size in growing animals and the adaptive cardiac hypertrophy accompanying hypertension are not affected by growth hormone deficiency.

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