LONELINESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OLDER AGE: RESULTS OF THE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION FOR LONELINESS (PAIL) IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Study objective. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of a Physical Activity Intervention for Loneliness (PAIL) in community-dwelling older adults at risk of loneliness. Methods. Study design was a 12-week randomized controlled feasibility trial (RCT). Participants were 25 (mean age 68.5(8.05) years, range 60-92) healthy, inactive, community-dwelling older adults at risk for loneliness. The intervention consisted of group outdoor walking sessions with health education workshops once weekly, with a wait-list control condition. Estimation of recruitment, retention and adherence were feasibility outcomes. Body mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, and psychosocial variables were secondary outcomes. Results. Forty-eight participants were recruited over 4 months with a recruitment rate of 52.1% (25/48); 52% (25/48) met the inclusion criteria and 100% (25/25) were randomized into the intervention (N=12) and wait-listed (WL) control groups (N=13). At 12 weeks, 10/12 (83.3%; 95% CI 55.20 to 95.30) intervention and 10/13 (76.9%; 95% CI 49.74 to 91.82) control participants completed final assessments. The average attendance rate was 69.2% for the intervention group (range 25% – 91.7%) and 55% (range 25% – 91.7%) among controls. The a priori recruitment criteria for progression was not met. The retention rate satisfied the criteria of the study. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusions. Community-dwelling older adults at risk of loneliness can safely participate in physical activity intervention for loneliness. However, to progress into a large-scale RCT, the design and methodology would need to be changed.

ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC COMPLIANCE OF BENCH PRESS TYPES WITH THE POWERLIFTING COMPETITIVE EXERCISE

The composition of routines used in the training process of qualified powerlifters is still determined in accordance with the experience and intuition of a coach, rather than with a deep metrological assessment of the key parameters of movements. The purpose: to determine the compliance of bench press types with the powerlifting competitive exercise in accordance with the dynamic characteristics of movements and to reveal their hierarchical dependencies. Methods and organization of the research: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature on the research subject, accelerometry, methods of mathematical statistics. The experimental site of the research is the “Children's and Youth Sports School named after the Olympic champion V.S. Sokolov", Cheboksary. Testing was performed in December 2019. The group of experimental subjects included 7 athletes with qualifications from the 1st category to the Master of Sports. Metrological assessment covered 8 variants of training and competition bench press. The total number of measurements was 78. Results and discussion. Bench press tests revealed the following levels of compliance: maximum (wide grip press, spring-loaded press and narrow grip press), high (press with chains, press without bridging and standing press), medium (face down on incline bench). Conclusion. The comparative analysis revealed routines with different compliance with the competitive exercise. The determination of priority of routines will provide evidence-based approach to the selection of routines for tackling the issues of bench press training among qualified powerlifters.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND PHYSICAL FITNESS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 13 TO 16 YEARS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND THEIR HEALTHY PEERS

Purpose of research. Comparative study of the cardiorespiratory activity and physical fitness of schoolchildren aged 13 to 16 years with chronic respiratory disorders and their healthy peers. Methods and organization of research. The research process included the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature with subsequent systematization of data, pedagogical observation, functional tests, pedagogical testing, anthropometric measurements, and mathematical statistics. Research results and discussion. This article contains the findings of a study investigating cardiorespiratory system and physical fitness of both male and female schoolchildren aged 13 to 16 years with chronic respiratory disorders. We carried out a comparative analysis of the obtained indicators of studied children and their peers without health problems. We applied the functional tests determining the activity of cardiorespiratory system to identify adaptive capacities of children to physical exercise. We used special tests to assess physical fitness. The study revealed that the cardiorespiratory activity and physical fitness levels of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders are lower than the same parameters of their peers without health problems. Conclusion. Educational research aimed at investigating the functional state of cardiorespiratory system and physical fitness of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders and their healthy peers revealed that the indicators of cardiorespiratory activity of schoolchildren with chronic respiratory disorders are significantly lower than the same parameters of their healthy peers.

INDICATORS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY AT REST AND DURING AN ORTHOSTATIC CHALLENGE AT DIFFERENT RANGES OF MxDMn VALUE AND THEIR CHANGE IN TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES IN THE TRAINING PROCESS

The aim of the study is to develop the standards of HRV indexes at rest and during an orthostatic challenge, taking into account different ranges of variability of cardiac intervals (MxDMn) of track and field athletes. The other purpose is to identify the features of changes in the standards in the training process in cases of malfunctions of cardioregulatory systems, sinus node functioning and recovery process, overtraining, and decrease in athletic performance. The authors used the results of individual dynamic express-tests of heart rate variability (HRV) in track and field athletes belonging to different specific training orientations to achieve the goals of the study. Research Methods and Organization. We carried out 1740 dynamic HRV measurements at rest and during an orthostatic challenge. The studies involved 56 track and field athletes (sprinters, middle distance runners and stayers) aged 18 to 29 years, belonging to the 1st adult category, Candidates Master of Sports and Masters of Sports, in different periods of the training process. We carried out HRV measurements in the laboratory of functional research methods of the Institute of physical culture and sports at Udmurt State University, as well as at training camps in the middle mountains (Kyrgyzstan, Kislovodsk) and on the plain (Elabuga). We examined the test subjects at rest in the morning after the previous training day, using the VARICARD 2.51 device and the ISCIM6 and VARICARD MP programs (Ryazan). We recorded cardio intervals of athletes for 5 minutes in lying position and for 6 minutes in standing position. We applied HRV measurements to one or four athletes simultaneously using the ISCIM6 and VARICARD MP programs. Research results. We assigned special emphasis to the assessment of changes in the variational range of cardiointervals (MxDMn) reflecting the state of cardiac regulation and the sinus node functioning during dynamic HRV studies in the training process of each runner. We identified seven MxDMn variation ranges from <150ms to >650ms. We revealed that each MxDMn variation range corresponds to a certain prevailing type of regulation. We demonstrated that frequent shifts of the MxDMn ranges from one level to another in the training process of runners indicate instability of cardiac regulation. We elaborated standards for the variational range of cardiointervals (MxDMn), taking into account the predominance of the HF and LF power in the HRV power spectrum for runners with different specific training orientations. We found that respiratory (HF) or vasomotor waves (LF) could prevail within the same MxDMn variation ranges, which points to a different autonomic balance. We revealed that at rest, the variational range of cardiointervals (MxDMn) depends more on the state of cardiac regulation and the sinus node functioning and less on the specifics of running. We often detected paradoxical reactions to an orthostatic challenge at low or extremely high MxDMn values in the overtrained runners. We determined that runners of any specific training orientation could increase their fitness, adaptive and reserve capabilities only in the context of the optimal regulation state, stable favorable ranges of MxDMn values, and the absence of paradoxical reactions to an orthostatic challenge. The paper contains tables with standard HRV indicators for different MxDMn variation ranges and consideration of the predominance of HF and LF waves at rest and during an orthostatic challenge, as well as examples of the results of HRV analysis at rest and during an orthostatic challenge in runners with different MxDMn variation ranges in the training process. Conclusion. The research demonstrated that the use of the HRV analysis method at rest and during an orthostatic challenge, taking into account the standards of MxDMn values in the training process of track and field athletes, is aimed at obtaining the necessary information about the stability of autonomic balance, autonomic reactivity and body reserves that ensure optimal adaptation and recovery processes.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHASES OF A PENALTY CORNER IN FIELD HOCKEY

The research purpose was to provide a biomechanical analysis of penalty corner striking techniques in field hockey. Research problems. 1) To identify the boundary phases of a penalty corner; 2) To determine the mechanism of pressure distribution under the feet; 3) To identify the characteristics of an ideal model of spatial-temporal motion of the projection of the center of pressure on the supporting surface when executing a penalty corner. Methods: literature review, biomechanical analysis with the use of a podometric platform, and mathematical statistics. Results. The results of a biomechanical analysis enabled us to register the parameters of pressure distribution under a foot during a penalty corner, and to identify boundary and spatial-temporal phases. We revealed 3 periods in the movement structure: preparation, implementation, and completion. We revealed 5 movement phases: #1 Preparation, #2 Adjustment to a starting position, #3 Start of a stroke, #4 Stroke, and #5 Completion. We identified the values of pressure under a foot in each of the phases of penalty corner and the bio-mechanism of its change and regulation when during penalty corner execution. Therefore, for each phase, pressure changes under the right (R) and left (L) feet from the percentage of body weight were arranged. The arrangement is as follows: #1 – Preparation (R – 72; L – 28%), #2 Adjustment to a starting position (R – 93; L – 7%), #3 Start of a stroke (R – 17; L – 83%), # 4 Completion of a stroke (R – 16; L – 84%), and # 5 – Stick and body motion after a stroke (R-1: L-99%). We identified the characteristics of the ideal model of spatial-temporal motion of the projection of the center of pressure on the supporting surface when executing a penalty corner. We revealed that each phase took a certain time period during the stroke execution: #1 – Preparation (35%), #2 Adjustment to a starting position (22%), #3 Start of a stroke (26%), #4 Completion of a stroke (4%), and #5 Stick and body motion after a stroke (13%). Conclusion. The research findings can enable coaches and athletes to understand the characteristics of an ideal model of the stroke execution, and to get aware of various tools available for its technical support.

ANALYSIS OF HEALTH STATUS OF STUDENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THEATER AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

The purpose of the study is to assess the health status of the 1st – 4th year students in the Department of Drama using the G. Apanasenko method. The somatic health condition determines the incidence of diseases, the performance of students, and their future vocational opportunities. Monitoring the condition of students is an important component of the physical education system implemented at the universities of theater studies in the framework of "Physical education" and "Stage movement" disciplines. Methods and organization of research. The paper presents the results of the survey (September 2020) covering 43 students aged 17-21 years (25 boys and 18 girls) using the G. Apanasenko express method of assessing health condition. The authors measured main vital signs (body length and weight, heart rate, blood pressure, VC, EPOC, post-exercise recovery period) and obtained overall assessment of health condition of each student and its individual indices (mass, vital, strength, Robinson). Research results and their discussion. The research revealed that 53.5% of students have average level of health indicator. However, only 51.2% of indicators fall within the zone of healthy values, while the remaining 48.8% stay below the safe limit. The indicators of 61.1% of girls are in the safe zone, while only 44% of boys fall within this segment. There is a decrease in health indicators of students by the 4th year of study, which is the result of a decrease in their sport activities due to the lack of "Physical education" and "Stage movement" special disciplines. Analysis of the calculated indices highlighted the challenging components of the overall health assessment. Power index provided the lowest indicators. Girls have higher indicator values than boys, as well as the life index indicators. Conclusion. The revealed facts contribute to determination of the direction of further research aimed at the refinement of educational programs on physical education and stage movement.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH TO THE REGULATION OF PRE-START CONDITION OF SWIMMERS AT THE TRAINING STAGE

The purpose – to substantiate empirically a differentiated approach to the regulation of pre-start condition of swimmers at the training stage, taking into account the temperament type and anxiety level. Methods and organization of the research. We used the following research methods: analysis of data in scientific publications; psychological testing; questionnaires; analysis of competitive performance; mathematical and statistical processing of the studied indicators. The study involved 40 swimmers at the training stage. The athletic experience of the tested subjects is 4 years; the level of sports qualification-II-III sports categories. Results and discussion. Anxiety level tests of young swimmers revealed that personal and situational anxiety of individuals with various temperament types corresponds to the average level of anxiety, except for the "adequate" temperament type, which corresponds to a low level of anxiety. The group of subjects with the "adequate" temperament type (10.8%) exhibited the most significant increase in athletic performance in the 800 m freestyle, while the increase of performance of the group of subjects with "calm" and "intensive" temperaments was 2.1% and 2.7% lower, respectively. The group with the “adequate” temperament type exhibited the most significant increase in athletic performance in the 200 m IM (10.2%). There are statistically significant differences in results between the "adequate" and "calm" groups (p<0.05), "adequate" and "intensive" groups (p<0.05). The analysis of start reaction time of the individuals with studied temperament types did not reveal any statistically significant differences (p>0.05). At the same time, the authors found that individuals with "calm" and "adequate" temperament types have a greater reliability of the start reaction time. Conclusion. The research outcomes show the significance of particular consideration for temperament types and indicators of personal and situational anxiety in the process of regulation of pre-start condition of swimmers at the training stage. Particular attention should be given to the athletes with "calm" and "intensive" temperament types.

ANALYSIS OF COMPETITION PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES-TOURISTS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE «WALKING TRACK» DISCIPLINE BASED ON THE «RACES OF FOUR» MATERIALS OVER A 5-YEAR PERIOD

This paper focuses on the issues of competition performance in sports tourism on walking tracks in the natural environment. The paper contains the analysis of competitive performance at the «Races of Four» from 2015 to 2019. The authors define major trends in modifying Grade 2 and Grade 3 walking tracks and present the dynamics of performance results on the Grade 2 and Grade 3 walking tracks over a 5-year period with the identification of the main reasons for its changes. Research methods and organization. The authors used the following methods: analysis of competition conditions, document analysis, mathematical processing of performance data from protocols. Research results and discussion. The authors studied changes in the nature of competitive performance on the Grade 2 and Grade 3 walking tracks. The study focused on the following parameters: number of technical stages, percentage of updating technical part of the track, coefficient of technical difficulty of the track, weather conditions on the competition day. The authors assessed the time dynamics of performance results for girls and boys aged 14-15 years on the Grade 2 and Grade 3 walking tracks. Conclusion. The study revealed that the nature of competitive performance in sports tourism is getting complicated annually. Unfriendly weather conditions are one of the main factors in reducing performance results. Current improvement of performance results is associated with increased level of sports preparedness of competitors.

SUMMER TRAINING CAMPS AS A FORM OF SKI JUMPING TRAINING

The research purpose is to theoretically substantiate, develop, experimentally test and measure the impact of summer training camps with simultaneous advanced coach training. The research methodology and organization. The research subject was summer training camps with simultaneous advanced coach training, in the framework of the grant program of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation. The program title is ‘Fly to your Dream!’ Sports-educational cluster - the innovative form of the sports training system enhancement’. The training camp program included ski jumping training, advanced coach training, medical and pedagogical observations, as well as educational and leisure activities for the athletes attending the ‘Snezhinka’ [‘Snowflake’] Federal Winter Sports Training Center based at Tchaikovsky State Physical Education Institute. The research results. Over 4.5 million viewers watched a series of «Fly to your Dream» education videos. 65 coaches attended a series of online training seminars in the framework of advanced training courses. 84 flying skiers aged under 14 years took part in the first International ‘Fly to your dream!’ online festival. The overwhelming majority of the surveyed project participants noted the importance of such activity as a tool for popularization and promotion of ski jumping and biathlon skiing (265 people), and as a form of training process (213 people). Сonclusion. The authors conclude that the format suggested for the training process can be recommended for biathlon skiers and other athletes.

RATIO OF THE SPEED COMPONENTS OF SKI RACERS AT SPORTS TRAINING STAGES IN TIME TRIALS

The purpose: a study of the rationality of motor actions of ski racers at different sports training stages. Methods and organization of the research. 202 female skiers and 201 male skiers participated in the study. The authors carried out video shooting with a Sony HDR-CX360E video camera with a maximum resolution of 1920x1080 and a shooting speed of 50 frames per second, in order to assess motion techniques. Results and discussion. The comparative characteristics of the speed components of ski racers in time-trial competitions has shown that ski racers have a significant decrease in cycle frequency and cycle length at sports training stages. Consequently, movement speed decreases from the first to the last lap of the race. Conclusion. The research has revealed that ski racers choose the quick start tactics at every sports training stage, and then they try to maintain a high-speed rate until the end of the race. Meanwhile, the skiers maintain high speed due to the power component of movement techniques at the beginning of the race, while the main energy systems of the body cope with fatigue and ensure speed maintenance. The study of ski racers at different sports training stages has demonstrated that the high movement speed is maintained by the speed component of movement techniques.