scholarly journals Disposal Practice of Unfit Medicines in Nongovernmental Hospitals and Private Medicine Outlets Located in Mwanza, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Stanley Mwita ◽  
Godfrey Ngonela ◽  
Deogratias Katabalo
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Storage Management ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Software Comparison ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Private Medicine

Introduction. For a medicine to qualify as safe and effective and to be of good quality, it should be properly labelled, stored, and transported. If a medicine is not handled properly, it ends up being unfit. Improper disposal of unfit medicines contributes to the appearance of their metabolites in the environment. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to capture quantitative data. The study was conducted in Mwanza region, Tanzania. The study population comprised nongovernmental hospitals and private medicines outlets in the region. The sample size was 111 facilities. This study was conducted between October 2013 and May 2014. The questionnaire was used to assess experience and challenges of dealing with unfit medicines. A review of waste management records was done to capture data of past disposal for unfit medicines. The coded data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 20.0) computer analysis software. Comparison of proportions between groups was performed using Pearson’s chi square. Results. The majority of facilities (41.4%) used methods such as the pouring of unfit medicines into the sink and into the dustbin. About 60.4% of facilities were found with unfit medicines at the time of survey. Majority of unfit medicines found were antibiotics (64.1%). Almost 10% of health facilities maintained a register book for recording unfit medicines. Conclusion. There was improper disposal of unfit medicines in health facilities studied, whereby commonly reported methods of disposal were pouring into the sink and putting into the street dustbin. In private medicines outlets, there was poor storage management practice as some of the unfit medicines were left unpacked into boxes or separated from the usable medicines and not properly labelled.

scholarly journals Prevalence and distribution of dermatophytosis lesions on cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1484-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Dalis ◽  
H. M. Kazeem ◽  
J. K. P. Kwaga ◽  
C. N. Kwanashie
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Microscopic Examination ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Plateau State

Background and Aim: Dermatophytosis is an infection of the superficial, keratinized structures of the skin, nails, and hair of man and animals caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. The prevalence of dermatophytosis among cattle in Nigeria and Plateau State, in particular, is yet to be fully determined. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the distribution of dermatophytosis lesions on cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and thirty-seven cattle showing visible skin lesions suggestive of dermatophytosis were drawn from nine local government areas (three each) from the three senatorial districts of Plateau State, Nigeria. Skin scrapings were aseptically collected using a cross-sectional study, in which sampling units were selected using purposive sampling method. Samples were processed for both direct microscopic examination and isolation of dermatophytes in culture. The isolates were stained with lactophenol cotton blue and identified microscopically based on the size, shape, and arrangement of macro- and micro-conidia. The dermatophytes were further identified by determining the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of their ribosomal DNA. Data were analyzed and presented as percentages, bar graph, and Chi-square test of association. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence rate of bovine dermatophytosis in Plateau State was found to be 11.0%. Trichophyton verrucosum was more frequently isolated (54.2%) than Trichophyton mentagrophytes (45.8%). Age, breed, management practice, and season were significantly associated with the occurrence of the disease (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dermatophytosis among cattle may be of public health significance in Plateau State, Nigeria. This is the first report on the prevalence and distribution of dermatophytosis lesions on cattle from Plateau State, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Prevalence, pattern and distribution of MIH defects in Sudanese children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Elhassan Abdalla ◽  
Amal Hussein Abuaffan ◽  
Arthur Musakulu Kemoli
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background: Molar incisos hypomineralization (MIH) has serious impact on oral health-related quality of life for a child, due to its effects on tooth structure, aesthetics and behavior of the child. The current study was designed to determine the prevalence, pattern and distribution of MIH in school children in Sudan.Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 568 children, aged 8-11 years from schools in Khartoum State. After collecting their socio-demographic data, the children were examined for hypomineralization on the 12 MIH indexed teeth, and assessed on the MIH pattern and distribution. The data collected were analyzed to obtain descriptive statstics, and the results related to the socio-demographic and other dental-related factors of the children using chi-square test and Spearman Rank Correlation, with the significant level set at p<0.05.Results: The prevalence of MIH in the study population was 20.1%. Majority of the affected teeth were permanent first molars (PFMs) (12.5%), but there was no statistical significant difference between the occurrence of hypomineralization on mandibular and maxillary molars (p=0.22). However, in the case of incisors, there was a statistical significant difference between the maxillary incisors that had higher hypomineralization rate when related to the mandibular incisors ( p=0.00). In terms of the pattern of hypomineralization, demarcated opacities were the commonest MIH defects (69.9%) in the study group.Conclusions: While the prevalence of MIH in the study population was 20.1%, both molars and incisor teeth were frequently affected in both dental arches, and the demarcated opacity type were the most frequent form of defect found in the teeth of the participants.

scholarly journals Perception against COVID-19 Threat Affecting the Behavior of Indonesia People Three Months after the Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
Putri C. Eyanoer ◽  
Farhat Farhat ◽  
Elvita Rahmi Daulay ◽  
Fotarisman Zaluchu
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Actual Health

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, a new behavior has been introduced in the community to prevent COVID-19 transmission following 3 months of the COVID-19 outbreak. The Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, names this new concept as “the adaptation of new behavior.” However, preventive measures and health protocols encouraged by the government have not yet yielded a significant impact on reducing the COVID-19 positivity rate. This unsuccessful outcome indicates that infective circulation is still occurring caused by incompliant to the health protocol. AIM: This study aimed to measure community perceptions against COVID-19 at the individual level. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a total of 1687 respondents was performed. Questionnaires distributed thru sharing online links which contain questions on perception of vulnerability and severity of COVID-19. Chi-square test used in analysis to determine the difference in perception with respondents’ behavior. RESULTS: A total of 81.7% of respondents who had a perception of “susceptible to contract” performed behavior suited to recommendations and 81.2% study population had a perception of “COVID-19 is severe” executed behavior suited to the recommendation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the establishment of government recommendations for COVID-19 infection did not guarantee the actual health practice/behavior in the community. The existing misconception of the perspective of seriousness/severity and susceptibility would prevent the country from flattening the curve.

scholarly journals Knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is related with adherence to iron tablets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Baksono Winardi ◽  
Elga Caecaria Grahardika Andani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: to identify association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia and the adherence to consume iron tablets in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, IndonesiaMaterials and Methods: Observational analysis cross sectional study. Population consisted of 55 trimester pregnant women in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, in March-April 2017. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling. The number of sample was 35 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: This research showed that all of the less knowledgeable women on anemia (100.00%) were non-adherent to consume iron tablets, almost all moderately knowledgeable women (92.9%) were adherent, and all of the fully knowledgeable women (100.00%) were adherent. Fisher exact test in significance level of 0.05 revealed p value equal to 0.0001, indicating association between knowledge about anemia and adherence to consume iron tablets at BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, Indonesia.Conclusion: There is an association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia with adherence to iron tablets.

scholarly journals Pregnancy options counselling in Ghana: A case study of women with unintended pregnancies in Kumasi metropolis, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans Kofi Agbeno ◽  
Fred Yao Gbagbo ◽  
ESK Morhe ◽  
Soale Issah Maltima ◽  
Kwadwo Sarbeng
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Methods Analytical

Abstract Background Unintended pregnancies have significantly contributed to maternal deaths and illnesses globally. Although good clinical practices show that options counselling enable clients to make informed decisions for healthy pregnancy outcomes, studies on this practice remain a grey area in Ghana. Aim of the study The study examines proportions of women exposed to pregnancy options counselling before decision-making, effects of counselling on pregnancy outcomes and associations between women characteristics and counselling. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study design was done in selected specialised public and NGO health facilities within Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana, using self-administered structured questionnaires for data collection from 1st January to 30th April, 2014. Participants were 442 women with unintended pregnancies seeking abortion services. Data was analysed using Epi-Info (7.1.1.14) and STATA 12 to generate descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square and multivariable logistic regressions. The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology approved the study. Results Respondents had divergent reproductive and socio-demographic profiles. Majority (about 58%) of them had been pregnant more than twice, but about 53% of this population had no biological children. (Although about 90% of respondents held perceptions that the index and previous pregnancies were mistimed/unintended, the majority (72%) had no induced abortion history. Induced abortion (208, 49%) and parenting (216, 51%) were mentioned as the only available options to unintended pregnancy in hospitals. Exposure to options counselling was observed to be significantly associated with parity (P= <0.001), gestational age (P= <0.001), previous induced abortions (P= <0.001), perception of pregnancy at conception (P= <0.001) and level of education (P= 0.002). The logistic regression analysis also shows that higher education has statistically significant effect on being exposed to options counselling (P= <0.001). Majority of respondents (95%) were not aware that giving a child up for adoption is an option to pregnancy crisis management. Conclusions Pregnancy options counselling remains a major challenge in some Ghanaian health facilities as evident by the study results. Multi-sectorial collaboration for education on pregnancy options counselling and further research to assess the type and depth of counselling services provided pregnant women in health facilities is recommended to inform reproductive health policy and program decisions.

scholarly journals Pregnancy options counselling in Ghana: A case study of women with unintended pregnancies in Kumasi metropolis, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans Kofi Agbeno ◽  
Fred Yao Gbagbo ◽  
ESK Morhe ◽  
Soale Issah Maltima ◽  
Kwadwo Sarbeng
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Kwame Nkrumah ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Methods Analytical

Abstract Background Pregnancy crisis mismanagement has contributed to maternal deaths and illnesses globally and in Ghana due to absence/inadequate pregnancy options counselling for clients to make informed decisions. Aim of the study This study examines options counselling for abortion seekers in health facilities in Ghana. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study design was done in selected specialised public and NGO health facilities within Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana, using self-administered structured questionnaires for data collection from 1st January to 30th April, 2014. Participants were 442 women with unintended pregnancies seeking abortion services. Data was analysed using Epi-Info (7.1.1.14) and STATA 12 to generate descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square and multivariable logistic regressions. The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology approved the study. Results Respondents had divergent reproductive and socio-demographic profiles. Majority (about 58%) of them had been pregnant more than twice, but about 53% of this population had no biological children. (Although about 90% of respondents held perceptions that the index and previous pregnancies were mistimed/unintended, the majority (72%) had no induced abortion history. Induced abortion (208, 49%) and parenting (216, 51%) were mentioned as the only available options to unintended pregnancy in hospitals. Exposure to options counselling was observed to be significantly associated with parity (P = <0.001), gestational age (P = <0.001), previous induced abortions (P = <0.001), perception of pregnancy at conception (P = <0.001) and level of education (P = 0.002). The logistic regression analysis also shows that higher education has statistically significant effect on being exposed to options counselling (P = <0.001). Majority of respondents (95%) were not aware that giving a child up for adoption is an option to abortion in Ghana. Conclusions Pregnancy options counselling remains a major challenge in comprehensive abortion care in Ghana. Although higher educational attainments significantly exposes women to options counselling for informed decisions, the less educated are disadvantaged in this regard. Further research on type and depth of counselling services provided to pregnant women in health facilities is required to inform health policy and program decisions.

scholarly journals Investigating the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a population-based study: Fasa PERSIAN COHORT data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Bijani ◽  
Saeed Parvizi ◽  
Azizallah Dehghan ◽  
Massih Sedigh-Rahimabadi ◽  
Mahsa Rostami-chijan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background A high prevalence rate of hypertension (HTN) and its subsequent serious complications made this disease a major health-treatment concern in many societies. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in Fasa PERSIAN COHORT in south of Iran in 2019. Methods This was an analytical-cross sectional study. The study population were the individuals covered by Fasa cohort. Information of the first phase of Fasa Persian cohort in south of Iran was used in this study. Independent t test, chi-square test, analysis of variances, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple stepwise regression were used to analyze the obtained data. Thereafter, the data was analyzed using SPSS software version 22, and P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Out of 10,111 individuals included in the study, 5546 (54.86%) subjects were women and 4565 (45.16%) other were men. The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was estimated as 46.6%. In the present study, (16/1%) of the participants were with HTN stage 1, and (17/9%) of them were with HTN stage 2. The results show that there were significant positive correlations among HTN and age, BMI, HDL, TG, BUN, ALP, smoking, physical activity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and renal failure (P < 0.5). Conclusions Prevalence of HTN in this study population is considerable. Therefore, it is suggested that health system should program some plans to prevent hypertension’s prevalence and eliminate its risk factors.

scholarly journals Physicians and communities knowledge and awareness about new vaccines in immunization program: A study to derive lesson for increasing uptake

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Lahariya ◽  
J Khandekar ◽  
AS Vachher ◽  
SK Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
New Vaccines

Background: The knowledge, attitude of physicians about any interventions has effect on the practices while the perceptions about such intervention by caregivers have impact on the acceptance in community.   Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of physicians and perception of the caregivers about new vaccines, and to identify the solutions to address the knowledge gap, if any.   Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted a major city of India from Sept 2006-Jan 2007. 107 physicians and 298 caregivers were interviewed using a pre-tested semi structured interview schedule. The data so collected was analyzed using chi square test and proportions. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.   Results: It was found that only 3/5th physicians were aware that typhoid vaccination was part of the immunisation program. The knowledge about all the aspects of typhoid was poor amongst physicians in comparison of other vaccine (Hepatitis B) in the immunisation program. Physicians at private health facilities had poor knowledge than those working at government health facilities. However, majority of the physicians had positive attitude towards typhoid vaccination. All the caregivers had heard about typhoid disease and 39.8% about the vaccine also. Almost 80% of them were ready to pay for typhoid vaccination. Conclusions: The study underlines the need for special efforts to increase the awareness about typhoid vaccination amongst these groups to increase the uptake of the vaccine. Key words: Child Health; Hepatitis B, India; Newer vaccines; Typhoid DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v8i1.3222 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2010), Vol. 8, No. 1, Issue 29, 51-56

scholarly journals Prevalence of oral mucosal normal variations and lesions in a middle-aged population: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla-Maija Oivio ◽  
Paula Pesonen ◽  
Merja Ylipalosaari ◽  
Arja Kullaa ◽  
Tuula Salo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽  
Potentially Malignant ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Mucosal Changes ◽  
Lichenoid Reactions ◽  
General Dentists

Abstract Background In this cross-sectional study we investigated the oral mucosal changes in a middle-aged Finnish population. We analyzed the prevalence of potentially malignant disorders and the influence of smoking, snuff and alcohol use on the mucosal changes. Methods Of the 12,068 members of the NFBC 1966, a total of 1961 participants (16.2%) constituted the study population. Mucosal changes were diagnosed and photographed by seven general dentists, and two specialists re-analyzed all the diagnoses based on the documentation Cross-tabulation with Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results Of the participants, 10.5% had some mucosal changes, of which 81.8% were diagnosed as oral mucosal lesions (OML) and 18.2% as normal variations. Of the normal variations, the most common were Fordyce granules (1.2%), fissured tongue (1.1%) and geographic tongue (0.9%). The most common OMLs were white lesions (6.5%), of which oral lichen planus (OLP) and lichenoid reactions (OLR), grouped as oral lichenoid diseases, were present in 3.5%, males more often (3.8% vs. 3.1%). OLP was found in 1.5% of all participants, females more often (1.8% vs. 1.2%), while OLR was more common in males (2.7% vs. 1.3%). Leukoplakia was identified in 0.5% of the population; twice more often in males (0.6% vs. 0.3%). Erythroplakia was not found. Current smokers had higher risk for oral mucosal changes than former or non-smokers (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.11–4.28), and snuff, used occasionally or regularly, also raised the risk (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.48–4.70). Conclusions In the middle-aged northern Finland population, 4% of OMLs were potentially malignant disorders, including OLR (2%), OLP (1.5%) and leukoplakia (0.5%). In particular, smoking and snuff use increased the risk for having any oral mucosa changes.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Use of Cooking Oil on Traders Around Esa Unggul University

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fenny Anngraeny Nasution ◽  
Laras Sitoayu ◽  
Putri Ronitawati
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Fried Foods ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Study Population

Use cooking oil for everyday cooking very often used it makes the majority of community especially the food trade is highly dependent on cooking oil. Cooking oil serves as a conductor of heat, savory flavor enchancer, and adding value calorie fried foods. This study aimed to determine the relationships of knowledge, attitude, and use of cooking oil at taders around University Esa Unggul. This research is an analytical survey  with cross sectional Study design. The data were obtained using questionnaire. Data processing using Chi Square Test with a confidence level of 95% and α = 0,05. This study conducted in Desember 2016 till Febuary 2017. This study population all traders in Universitasy  Esa Unggul with sample 45 peoples. There is a relationship between knowledge an use of cooking oil p value 0.011 (p0.05)  and there is a relationship attitude and use of cooking oil p value 0.024 (p0.05). Keywords: attitude,  cooking oil, knowledge, trader

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