The Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Hyperglycemia among Stroke Patients: Preliminary Findings

Background/Aim. Stroke or cerebrovascular accident is defined as sudden or sub acute onset of focal neurologic deficit, caused by the interruption of blood flow to parts of the brain. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia among stroke patients in Palestine. Materials and Methods. A total of 70 patients with stroke were included in a cross-sectional study between November 2017 and February 2018. Stroke patients were diagnosed based on a CT scan reviewed by a neurologist. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to measure the lipid profile (cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triacylglycerol (TAG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL)), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. An interview-based questionnaire, included background data, past medical history, family history, and other risk factors for stroke, was filled for each patient. Results. Based on our results, 28.57% of patients had high LDL, 17.1% had high cholesterol, 15.7% had high TAG and 61.3% had low HDL. About half of the patients (51.4%) had abnormal HbA1c and abnormal FBG (52.8%). The majority (67.1%) of patients were males, whereas, 11% of patients were obese (BMI of more than 30 kg/m2) and 51.4% were smokers. Regarding the family history of diseases, 81% of patients had a family history of hypertension, 50% had a family history of stroke, and 58% had a family history of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. Male gender and smoking were most likely to increase the risk of stroke. Risk factors like low HDL, high LDL, high FBG, high HbA1c, and hypertension contribute substantially to the incidence of stroke. A family history of stroke, hypertension and diabetes were significant risk factors for stroke.

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New Onset Diabetes after Transplant – Risk Factors, Clinical Profile and Outcome

Integrative Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

10.18314/idcd.v2i1.1015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Sakthirajan R ◽

Dhanapriya J ◽

Dineshkumar T ◽

Balasubramaniyan T ◽

Gopalakrishnan N ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Family History ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Clinical Profile ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Onset Diabetes ◽

History Of ◽

New Onset

Background: New onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) remains one among the significant threats to both renal allograft and patient survival. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical profile and risk factors for NODAT.Methods: This prospective observational study involved patients who underwent renal transplantation in our centre between 2010 and 2015.Results: During the mean follow up period of 18 ± 6 months, incidence of NODAT was 26.6% and the cumulativeincidence was highest in the first year after transplant. Recipient age, pre transplant impaired fasting glucose, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, family history of diabetes, tacrolimus, post transplant hypertriglyceridemia and metabolic syndrome were found to be statistically significant risk factors for NODAT. In Cox multivariate regression analysis, age and family history of diabetes were found to be independent risk factors for NODAT. Fasting C-peptide level underlines insulin resistance as predominant mechanism for NODAT in two third of patients. There were higher incidence of urinary tract infection in the NODAT patients. NODAT was found to be an independent risk factor for fungal infection and 10 year cardiovascular risk in the renal recipients. There was no significant impact of NODAT on short term graft and patient survival.Conclusion: Age, pre-transplant fasting blood glucose, family history of diabetes, HCV infection and tacrolimus were found to be the important risk factors, with insulin resistance as the predominant mechanism for NODAT.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Glucose Intolerance among Saudi Women with Gestational Diabetes

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2018/4282347 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hayfaa Wahabi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Saudi Women ◽

History Of ◽

One Year

Objectives. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of glucose intolerance one year after delivery in women with gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods. All women who had GDM and completed one year since delivery at King Khalid University Hospital were contacted to participate in the study. Based on to the American Diabetes Association criteria and the results of fasting blood glucose (FPG) and HbA1c, participants were classified into three groups: diabetic, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal. The incidence of diabetes and IGT was calculated. Clinical, biochemical, and sociodemographic predictors of glucose intolerance were compared between the three groups. Odds ratio (OR) for risk factors with P value less than 0.05 was calculated. Results. From a total 316 eligible women, 133 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. From the study participants, 58 (44%) women were normoglycemic, 60 (45%) women had IGT, and 15 (11%) women were diabetic. The odds of developing IGT or diabetes increased to nearly fourfold when women needed insulin for the control of GDM during pregnancy (OR 3.8, 95% CI 0.81–18.3, P=0.08) and to nearly one-and-a-half-fold when they have positive family history of T2DM (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.74–2.09, P=0.40). Nevertheless, none of the odds ratios was statistically significant. Conclusion. The incidence of postpartum hyperglycemia (diabetes and IGT) is very high in Saudi women with GDM. Family history of diabetes and insulin treatment of GDM may be predictors of postpartum hyperglycemia.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus in People over 40 Years Old in Rural Areas of Central Hunan Province

10.1101/2020.05.23.20107995 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lan Li ◽

Yuan Liao ◽

Hao Xiao ◽

Tiantian Wang ◽

Jing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of ◽

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Over 40 Years

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural areas of central Hunan province, and to analyze the risk factors related to diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted by using questionnaires (gender, age, occupation, degree of education, exercise habits, smoke status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, family history of diabetes), anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure) and biochemical indexes test (fasting blood-glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood lipids). Villagers over 40 years old from a community in rural areas of central Hunan Province were investigated.ResultsA total of 410 clinical data were collected. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in 410 (177 in male and 233 in female) villagers was 13.41%, including 13 males with a prevalence rate of 7.34% and 42 females with a prevalence rate of 15.16%. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 11.95%, 21 males (11.86% of males) and 28 females (10.11% of females). And the results of glycosylated hemoglobin test showed that 64% villagers with diabetes mellitus had hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) above 6.5%. Univariate analysis suggested that gender, smoke status, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension were involved in diabetes mellitus (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that family history of diabetes (OR: 1.759; 95% CI: 1.010-3.065), hypercholesterolemia (OR: 3.819; 95% CI: 1.27-11.486) and hypertension (OR: 2.074; 95% CI: 1.130-3.809) were independent risk factors for diabetes mellitus, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural areas of central Hunan Province is higher. Family history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are major risk factors for diabetes mellitus. The knowledge of diabetes should be strengthened. Related interventions should be given based on the diabetes epidemic status of local.

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Assessing Factors Related to Waist Circumference and Obesity: Application of a Latent Variable Model

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2015/893198 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sahar Dalvand ◽

Jalil Koohpayehzadeh ◽

Masoud Karimlou ◽

Fereshteh Asgari ◽

Ali Rafei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Family History ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Latent Variable Model ◽

Variable Model ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

Background. Because the use of BMI (Body Mass Index) alone as a measure of adiposity has been criticized, in the present study our aim was to fit a latent variable model to simultaneously examine the factors that affect waist circumference (continuous outcome) and obesity (binary outcome) among Iranian adults.Methods. Data included 18,990 Iranian individuals aged 20–65 years that are derived from the third National Survey of Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factors in Iran. Using latent variable model, we estimated the relation of two correlated responses (waist circumference and obesity) with independent variables including age, gender, PR (Place of Residence), PA (physical activity), smoking status, SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure), DBP (Diastolic Blood Pressure), CHOL (cholesterol), FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose), diabetes, and FHD (family history of diabetes).Results. All variables were related to both obesity and waist circumference (WC). Older age, female sex, being an urban resident, physical inactivity, nonsmoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, diabetes, and having family history of diabetes were significant risk factors that increased WC and obesity.Conclusions. Findings from this study of Iranian adult settings offer more insights into factors associated with high WC and high prevalence of obesity in this population.

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Frequency of Dyslipidemia in Ischemic Stroke Patients Presented to Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore

10.53350/pjmhs2115103417 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 3417-3419

Author(s):

Murtaza Jaffar ◽

Adil Rafique ◽

Sidra Khalid ◽

Shahid Waheed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Family History ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Low Hdl

Background and Aim: A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, is defined as the sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit caused by a disruption in blood flow to parts of the brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of dyslipidemia in stroke patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 184 stroke patients in Medical department of Services Hospital, Lahore for duration of six months i.e from November 2020 to June 2021. All the stroke patients admitted during the study period were enrolled. Demographic details, past medical and family history, stroke risk factors, blood pressure, body mass index, and diabetic state were noted. Fasting blood samples were taken from individuals of stroke diagnosed based on CT scan. Lipid profiles including triacylglycerol, cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoproteins, and glycosylated hemoglobin were all measured from an individual blood samples. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 184 stroke patients, 123 (66.8%) were male patients while 61 (33.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 41.35±12.76 years whereas the mean body mass index was 37.61±10.91 Kg/m2. Out of 184 patients, the prevalence of prevalent risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking was found 146 (79.5%), 89 (48.2%), and 58 (31.7%) respectively. The prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia (mg/dl), Hypertriglyceridemia (mg/dl), High LDL (mg/dl) levels, high VLDL (mg/dl), and low HDL was 49 (26.4%), 37 (20.1%), 31 (16.8%), 23 (12.5%), and 13 (7.1%) respectively. The abnormalities in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose were found in 93 (50.6%) and 95 (51.4%). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was more prevalent in ischemic stroke patients. The smoker and male population are more susceptible to stroke risks that involve high LDL, high HbA1c, low HDL, hypertension, and higher fast blood glucose. Family history and diabetes are other risk factors for stroke. Appropriate intrusion for alteration of uneven lipid profile can improve stroke prognosis and prevention Keywords: Dyslipidemia; Ischemic Stroke, Cholesterol

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undiagnosed Glucose Intolerance Status in Apparently Healthy Young Adults Aged <40 Years: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2017

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16132393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (13) ◽

pp. 2393 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Young Sang Lyu ◽

Sang Yong Kim ◽

Hak Yeon Bae ◽

Jin Hwa Kim

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Family History ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

History Of ◽

Apparently Healthy

Background: Early-onset diabetes results in longer lifetime hyperglycemic exposure that consequently leads to earlier chronic diabetes complications and premature death. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed diabetes and undiagnosed prediabetes in apparently healthy young adults aged <40 years. Methods: This study used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare from 2014 to 2017. A total of 4442 apparently healthy young adults enrolled in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted separately to evaluate associated risk factors with undiagnosed diabetes and undiagnosed prediabetes in groups stratified by sex. Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and undiagnosed prediabetes was 1.2% and 25.0%, respectively. Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) was a significant risk factor of undiagnosed diabetes regardless of sex (men, odds ratio (OR): 9.808, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.619–59.412; women, OR: 7.719, 95% CI: 1.332–44.747). Family history of diabetes was significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes (OR: 3.407, 95% CI: 1.224–9.481) in women only. Increased age, obesity status, and family history of diabetes were significant risk factors for undiagnosed prediabetes. Alcohol consumption was found to be negatively associated with undiagnosed prediabetes in women. Conclusions: Increased attention and implementation of precise strategies for identifying young adults at high risk for undiagnosed diabetes would allow for increased wellbeing as well as reduced healthcare burdens associated with diabetes.

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Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal Region of Central India

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234708 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4708

Author(s):

Senthil Kumar Subramani ◽

Dhananjay Yadav ◽

Meerambika Mishra ◽

Umamaheswari Pakkirisamy ◽

Prakesh Mathiyalagen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Family History ◽

Rural Population ◽

Sedentary Lifestyle ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

Aim: This study evaluated the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Gwalior-Chambal region of India. Methods: A cross-sectional house-to-house survey was conducted on a population of 7608 subjects, aged between 20 and 79 years for fasting blood glucose level in finger-prick blood. Participants were stratified based on blood glucose levels, gender, age, family history, etc. to assess their impact. Result: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal region was found to be 11.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in the urban population (12.7%) while that of prediabetes was higher in the rural population (7.9%). Male subjects recorded a higher prevalence of prediabetes (8.2%, OR 1.54 in rural; 5.1%, OR 1.26 in urban) as well as diabetes (rural 9.2%, OR 3.15; urban 16.5%, OR 1.57). Both prediabetes and diabetes were recorded as being higher in those subjects leading a sedentary lifestyle and in the aged population. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was much higher in those with a family history of type 2 diabetes (30.6% in rural, 21.5% in urban). Almost half of the diabetics in the rural population were diagnosed for the first time. The multivariate regression analysis identified male gender, increasing age of 30 years and above, and positive family history as significant risk factors for diabetes whereas age of 40 to 79 and less physical activity were significant risk factors for prediabetes. Conclusion: Family history of diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle appeared as key factors promoting prediabetes and diabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal region. A lack of awareness appeared as one of the major causes of the high prevalence in the rural region.

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Prevalence and risk factors of coronary heart disease in a rural population of Bangladesh

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6494 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 37-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M Abu Sayeed ◽

Hajera Mahtab ◽

Shurovi Sayeed ◽

Tanjima Begum ◽

Parvin Akter Khanam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Social Class ◽

Family History ◽

Rural Population ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major global health problem with the majority of burden observed increasingly in the developing countries. There has been no estimate of CHD in Bangladesh. This study addresses the prevalence of CHD in a Bangladeshi rural population which also aimed to determine the risk factors related to CHD. Ten villages of Nandail sub-district under Mymensingh were selected purposively. All subjects of age ≥20y were considered eligible and were interviewed about family income, family history of T2DM, CHD and HTN. The investigations included height, weight, waist-girth, hip-girth, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were also estimated. Finally, electrocardiography (ECG) was undertaken in all participants who had family history of diabetes or hypertension or CHD. Diagnosis of CHD was based on history of angina or changes in ECG or diagnosed by a cardiologist. A total of 6235 subjects were enlisted as eligible (age ≥20y) participants. Of them, 4141 (m / f: 1749 / 2392) subjects volunteered for the study. The age-adjusted (20-69y) prevalence of CHD was 1.85 with 95% CI, 1.42 - 2.28. There was no significant difference between men and women. The mean (SD) values of age (p<0.001), SBP (p<0.01), DBP (p<0.05), HbA1c (p<0.05) and ACR (p<0.01) were significantly higher among subjects with CHD than those without; whereas, there were no significant differences in BMI and WHR, TG, Chol and HDL. Logistic regression analysis showed that adjusted for age, sex, social class and obesity, the subjects with higher age (≥45y), higher 2hBG (≥7.0mmol/l), higher ACR (≥17.2) and family history of CHD had significant risk for CHD. The prevalence of CHD is comparable with other Asian population. Family history of CHD and age over 45 years, and who had hyperglycemia and higher ACR were proved to be the independent predictors of CHD. CHD was found to affect participants irrespective of sex, social class, obesity and lipid status. Though the IFG and diabetes groups appeared to have similar biophysical characteristics, only the diabetes group had significant risk for CHD. Further study in a larger sample may be undertaken to confirm the study findings and to explore some unidentified risk factors of CHD. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6494Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 37-43

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Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82548-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inés Urrutia ◽

◽

Alicia Martín-Nieto ◽

Rosa Martínez ◽

J Oriol Casanovas-Marsal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Basque Country ◽

Adult Population ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of ◽

Incident Cases

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country and the risk factors involved in the disease by reassessing an adult population after 7 years of follow-up. In the previous prevalence study, 847 people older than 18 years were randomly selected from all over the Basque Country and were invited to answer a medical questionnaire, followed by a physical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test. In the reassessment, the same variables were collected and the resulting cohort comprised 517 individuals of whom 43 had diabetes at baseline. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 4.64% in 7 years and the raw incidence rate was 6.56 cases/1000 person-years (95%CI: 4.11–9.93). Among the incident cases, 59% were undiagnosed. The most strongly associated markers by univariate analyses were age > 60 years, dyslipidaemia, prediabetes and insulin resistance. We also found association with hypertension, obesity, family history of diabetes and low education level. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex showed that a set of risk factors assessed together (dyslipidaemia, waist-to-hip-ratio and family history of diabetes) had great predictive value (AUC-ROC = 0.899, 95%CI: 0.846–0.953, p = 0.942), which suggests the need for early intervention before the onset of prediabetes.

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Abstract 3358: Sex Differences in Vascular Risk Factors in a Multi-ethnic, Medically Underserved Stroke Population

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a3358 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Daphne Antillon ◽

Natalie Valle ◽

Kaiwen Lin ◽

Waimei Tai ◽

Mary Ann Gallup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Alcohol Abuse ◽

Vascular Risk Factors ◽

Medically Underserved ◽

Vascular Risk ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Low Hdl ◽

History Of

Background: Recent nationally representative studies of stroke patients have revealed that vascular risk factors are not as aggressively controlled in women compared to men. Medically underserved minority populations are at particularly high risk for poor control of vascular risk factors; however, little is known about sex differences in this population. Methods: Sex-specific vascular risk factors and admission medications were assessed for 440 consecutive ischemic stroke patients (39% female) admitted to a safety-net public hospital in Los Angeles County. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine sex differences in vascular risk factors, adjusting for age and race. Results: The mean age was 58.9 (SE 10.6) years, 58% were Hispanic, 7% were white, 13% were black, 20% were Asian, and 1% were Native American. Stroke classification (using modified TOAST) revealed the following distribution: 35% small vessel, 20% large vessel, 7% cardioembolic, 23% cryptogenic, 13% >1 possible etiology, and 3% other mechanisms (e.g. drug use). Women had higher mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels than men (8.0% vs 7.4%, p<0.01) and were more likely than men to have a history of type 2 diabetes (49% vs. 40% male, p=0.04), systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg (72% vs. 62%, p=0.03), total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (46% vs. 36%, p=0.04), and low HDL levels (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women)(83% vs. 79%, p <0.01). Men were more likely than women to have a previous history of stroke (19% vs. 13%, p = 0.05), smoking (49% vs 19%, p<0.01), and alcohol abuse (28% vs. 7%, p<0.01). After adjustment for race and age, women were more likely than men to have total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.31), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.34), systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.96-2.22), low HDL (1.26, 95% CI 0.76-2.08), and triglyceride level > 150 mg/dL (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.74-1.63); however, the latter 3 were not significant. After adjustment for race and age, men were more likely than women to have a history of smoking (OR 4.54, 95% CI 2.78-7.14) and alcohol abuse (OR 5.56, 95% CI 2.86-11.11). Conclusions: In this multi-ethnic population with inadequate access to care, women are more likely than men to have obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia while men are more likely than women to smoke or abuse alcohol. Larger studies are necessary to validate these findings. In the meantime, interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome components among women and smoking and alcohol abuse among men in underserved communities are likely warranted.

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