Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Root of Croton macrostachyus Hocsht: Ex Del. (Euphorbiaceae) in Rodents

Background. Peptic ulcer disease causes significant mortality and morbidity. Plant kingdom provides a useful source for the development of new antiulcer agents. Croton macrostachyus is traditionally used to treat peptic ulcer in Ethiopia. This study aimed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of C. macrostachyus root extracts in rodents using different models. Methods. The crude extract was obtained by cold maceration in 80% methanol and fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. The antiulcer activity was evaluated using pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model in Sprague Dawley rats and acidified ethanol-induced ulcer model in Swiss albino mice. The test groups received three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the crude extract and fractions for 7 days before induction of ulcer. Positive controls received omeprazole 30 mg/kg for the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model and sucralfate 100 mg/kg for the acidified ethanol-induced ulcer model. Negative controls received vehicle (2% tween 80). Results. The crude hydromethanolic extract of C. macrostachyus showed significant (p<0.05) antiulcer activity on both pyloric ligation and HCl/ethanol-induced ulcer in rats and mice. It has antisecretary effect (p<0.001) as well. All three administered doses of chloroform fraction (p<0.05) and only higher doses of ethyl acetate fraction (p<0.05) possessed significant antiulcer activity. In contrast, the aqueous fraction did not have significant antiulcer effect at all tested doses. Conclusion. The present study demonstrated that the crude extract, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions possessed significant dose-dependent antiulcer activity.

Download Full-text

In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica Leaves

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6652777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽

Simachew Gidey Debeb ◽

Yaschilal Muche Belayneh

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Hagenia Abyssinica

Background. The leaves of Hagenia abyssinica have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopian folk medicine. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of H. abyssinica leaves. Methods. The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the plant extract were assessed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), p-nitro-phenyl-a-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Each value of percent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPPH scavenging effect was presented as means ± SEM ( n = 3 ). Results. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions was found to be concentration-dependent. The strongest activity was exhibited by the crude extract at the highest concentration with a percentage inhibition of 74.52% (IC50, 14.52 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 68.24% (IC50, 16.31 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 61.57% (IC50, 18.73 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 56.87% (IC50, 21.57 μg/ml) of H. abyssinica leaves. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the maximum activity was exhibited by the aqueous fraction 62.54% (IC50, 11.67 μg/ml) followed by ethyl acetate fraction 54.97% (IC50, 15.89 μg/ml), crude extract 46.79% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 36.44% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml). In the antioxidant assay, the crude extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 86.36% (IC50, 10.25 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 78.59% (IC50, 13.86 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 71.58% (IC50, 16.34 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 63.65% (IC50, 18.83 μg/ml). Conclusion. This study has revealed that H. abyssinica leaves possess noticeable in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Download Full-text

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activities of 80% Methanol Root Extract and Derived Solvent Fraction of Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) in Mice Model

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6670984 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Tesfaye Yimer ◽

Yohannes Kelifa Emiru ◽

Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽

Amien Ewunetei ◽

Meaza Adugna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Assay Method ◽

Root Extract ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Temperature Reduction ◽

Solvent Fraction

Background. Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal toxicities and side effects from traditional plants is a growing concern to date. Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) is one of the most prominent traditional medicinal plants, which is frequently testified for its traditionally claimed uses of treating fever and different infectious and noninfectious disorders by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, this plant has not been scientifically assessed for its traditionally claimed uses. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 80% methanol root extract and the derived solvent fraction of Echinops kebericho M. in mouse models. Methods. Successive solvent maceration with increased polarity was used as the method of extractions, and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvents. After extraction, the crude extract and its derived solvent fractions were assessed for their antipyretic activities using yeast-induced pyrexia while, the antioxidant activities were measured in vitro using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. Both the extract and solvent fractions were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for its antipyretic activities, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated at the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard drug (ASA 100 mg/kg), while normal saline-receiving groups were assigned as negative control. Result. E. kebericho crude extract along with its derived solvent fractions showed statistically significant ( p < 0.05 , 0.01, and 0.001) temperature reduction activities. The maximum percentage of temperature reduction was observed by the highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract. The aqueous fraction also showed significantly ( p < 0.05 and 0.01) higher temperature reduction than those of ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The free radical scavenging activities of the crude extract were also significantly high at the maximum dose, and the aqueous fraction showed the significantly highest antioxidant activity. Conclusion. In general, the data obtained from the present study clarified that the extract possessed significant antipyretic and antioxidant activities, upholding the traditionally claimed use of the plant.

Download Full-text

Antioxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Activities of Pakoba Leaves (Syzygium sp) from North Celebes

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i2.15 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 79-83

Author(s):

Dela Rosa ◽

Catherine Roeroe ◽

Agustina Susanti

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Good Potential ◽

Crude Methanol Extract

In this research the potential of Pakoba leaf extract to be used as antioxidant and skin whitening (anti-melanogenic agent) is investigated. The antioxidant activity of Pakoba leaves were studied using DPPH method and the result showed that the 80 percent methanol crude extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 22.66 ± 1.02 μg/ml. The aqueous fraction of the sample has an IC50 value of 53.30 ± 1.42 μg/ml, followed by n-butanol fraction (53.63 ± 1.45 μg/ml) and chloroform fraction (511.54 ± 1.59 μg/ml). The anti-melanogenic activity of the crude methanol extract showed IC50 value of 316.56 ± 11.04 μg/ml. Thus, it isconcluded that crude extract of Pakoba leaves shows good potential as the antioxidant source although it does not show good anti- melanogenic activity.

Download Full-text

Calcium entry blocking activity of the Elaeagnus umbellata fruit extract explains its use in diarrhea and gut spasm

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i3.26101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nayyab Rafique ◽

Taous Khan ◽

Abdul Jabbar Shah

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Video Clip ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Response Curves ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Elaeagnus Umbellata ◽

High K ◽

Medicinal Use ◽

Rabbit Jejunum

This study was aimed to explore the pharmacological basis of potential medicinal use of Elaeagnus umbellata in gut disorders. Crude extract of E. umbellata, which was found positive for flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins, provided 9.9-71.9% protection in castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, like verapamil. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, crude extract caused inhibition of spontaneous and high K+-induced contractions, with respective EC50 values of 0.3 (0.1-0.5) and 0.5 mg/mL, suggesting Ca++ channel blockade (CCB). Pretreatment of tissue with crude extract (0.1–1 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in Ca++ concentration-response curves. With the exception of aqueous fraction, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate inhibited spontaneous and high K+-induced contractions and displaced rightward Ca++ concentration-response curves. Extract was found safe up to 10 mg/kg in mice. Our data shows that anti-diarrheal effect of crude extract of E. umbellate is due to CCB-mediated spasmolytic effect, concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction and suggests its medicinal importance in diarrhea and spasm.Video Clip<a href="https://youtube.com/v/Qo_y3ULC4E0">Isolation of rat jejunum</a>: 2 min 32 sec

Download Full-text

Mentha longifolia lowers blood pressure in anesthetized rats through multiple pathways

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i4.27340 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 784 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abdul Jabbar Shah ◽

Ishfaq Ali Bukhari ◽

Anwarul Hassan Gilani

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Video Clip ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Response Curves ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Anesthetized Rats ◽

High K ◽

Mentha Longifolia ◽

Dose Dependent

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the extract of Mentha longifolia on blood pressure and the possible mechanisms. In anesthetized rats, the crude extract of M. longifolia and aqueous and chloroform fractions caused a dose-dependent fall in mean arterial pressure. Atropine pretreatment abolished the effect of extract and aqueous fraction but did not change that of chloroform fraction. In rabbit aortic rings, crude extract relaxed phenylephrine (1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM) pre-contractions. Chloroform fraction was more potent against high K+, similar to verapamil and caused a rightward shift in the Ca++ concentration-response curves. Aqueous fraction partially relaxed high K+ pre-contractions. In rat aortic rings, crude extract and aqueous fraction-induced endothelium-dependent atropine-sensitive vasodilator effect. Extract and fractions also relaxed high K+ precontractions. In guinea-pig atrial strips, crude extract and chloroform fraction suppressed force and rate of contractions, similar to verapamil. In conclusion, M. longifolia lowers blood pressure through Ca++ channel blockade and atropine-sensitive-NO pathway.Video Clip:<a href="https://youtube.com/v/Fz0MrZ6q2WI">Experiment using aorta:</a> 2 min 35 sec

Download Full-text

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT PROFILES OF BARK, LEAVES AND SEEDS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI (INDIAN BLACKBERRY)

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i5.2015.3010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Rabbeya Haroon ◽

SeemalJelani ◽

FakihaKomal Arshad

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Three Samples ◽

Reducing Power Assay ◽

Radical Scavenging Properties

Syzygiumcumini plant is well known for its medicinal values. This study focuses on the comparative antioxidative capacity of bark, leaves and seeds of Syzygiumcumini plant.Several fractions were made from the crude methanolic extract of bark, leaves and seeds in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol and aqueous.Leaves aqueous fraction showed highest phenolic content of 253.6 ± 0.025mg/mL while seed aqueous showed maximum flavonoid content of 0.732 ± 0.0005 mg/mL among all extracts. Bark Ethyl acetate fraction via reducing power assay showed absorbance 3.27 ± 0.19 abs and methanolic and Ethyl acetate fraction of leaves via phosphomolybdate assay showed maximum reducing strength of 15.97 ± 0.008 and 15.97 ± 0.037 mg/mL respectively among all. Seed Chloroform fraction showed maximum TEAC value of 6.28 whereas, Ethyl acetate leaves fraction has shown maximum DPPH inhibition. Where, Hexane fraction of bark showed maximum antioxidant consumption against peroxyl radical at 1.24 at 500 nm among all.The results of the assays showed that, in general, all the extracts of Syzygiumcuminiposses considerable antioxidant and radical scavenging properties, however, polar fractions of all three samples i.e., aqueous and ethyl acetate have exhibited a remarkable antioxidant behavior in all the antioxidant assays.

Download Full-text

Cardioprotective Effect of Croton macrostachyus Stem Bark Extract and Solvent Fractions on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/8467406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Muluken Altaye Ayza ◽

Rajkapoor Balasubramanian ◽

Abera Hadgu Berhe

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Assay Method ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Croton Macrostachyus ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Context. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile (Euphorbiaceae) has been used in traditional medicine to manage heart failure and other heart diseases in Ethiopia. Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of stem bark extract and solvent fractions of Croton macrostachyus on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods. DPPH free radical scavenging assay method was used to determine antioxidant activity whereas Sprague-Dawley rats were used to evaluate the cardioprotective activity. Except for the normal control, all groups were subjected to cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p.) toxicity on the first day. Enalapril at 10 mg/kg was used as a reference. The hydromethanolic crude extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions (100 and 200 mg/kg, each) were administered for 10 days. The cardioprotective activities were evaluated using cardiac biomarkers such as Troponin I, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and histopathological studies of heart tissue. Results. Crude extract and ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions exhibited free radical scavenging activities at IC50 of 594 μg/mL, 419 μg/mL, and 716 μg/mL, respectively. Crude extract at 400 mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.29 ± 0.06 ng/mL, 103.00 ± 7.63 U/L, 99.80 ± 6.18 U/L, and 108.80 ± 8.81 U/L, respectively. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.22 ± 0.02 ng/mL, 137.00 ± 14.30 U/L, 90.33 ± 6.13 U/L, and 166.67 ± 13.50 U/L, respectively, compared with the cyclophosphamide control group. Conclusions. Croton macrostachyus possesses cardioprotective activities and it could be a possible source of treatment for cardiotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide.

Download Full-text

Antiulcer Activity of Indigenous PlantOperculina turpethumLinn.

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/272134 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vidya Ignatius ◽

Madhusudhanan Narayanan ◽

Venkataraman Subramanian ◽

Balasubramanian Maruthaiveeran Periyasamy

Keyword(s):

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Pronounced Effect ◽

Antiulcer Activity ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Traditional System ◽

Pylorus Ligation ◽

Biochemical Studies

In the Indian traditional system of medicineOperculina turpethumis commonly used to treat various ailments including peptic ulcer, inflammation, and pain. Ulcer preventive and ulcer protective activities of HAOP and MOP stem bark extracts ofOperculina turpethum(100 mg/kg, b.w., orally) were evaluated employing aspirin + pylorus ligation (APL) model in experimental rats. The results suggested that both extracts (HAOP and MOP) possess enhanced ulcer preventive and protective activities when compared with the standard drug ranitidine. HAOP showed more pronounced effect when compared to MOP. Further the result of the histopathological and biochemical studies also confirms potent ulcer preventive and protective nature of a extracts in a similar manner.

Download Full-text

In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Fritillaria delavayi

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v12i0.6484 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bijaya L Maharjan ◽

Hari K Devkota ◽

Bikash Baral

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Methanol Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction

Fritillaria delavayi Franch is one of the medicinal plants used in traditional medical system for ailment of various diseases. But scientific study of the plant has been less carried out for which the study was conducted for validation of prevailing medical practice. The soxhlet extraction of the bulbs of plant were conducted in various solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) differing in polarity. Maximum yield (6.79%) was obtained in aqueous fraction and lowest (0.14%) in ethyl acetate fraction. The phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of volatile oil, glycosides, sterol and triterpenes, polyoses, saponins, reducing compounds, quinones, flavonic glycosides and coumarins. In antimicrobial assay conducted by agar well diffusion method, chloroform fraction was found to be more effective towards bacterial and fungal pathogens tested, followed by ethyl acetate and methanol fraction. The hexane and aqueous fractions were found to be least effective against all the tested pathogens. Among the bacterial pathogens, maximum inhibition zone was depicted against Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 mm) by chloroform extracts while among the fungal pathogens, greatest inhibition activity was observed against Fusarium moniliforme (19 mm). The antimicrobial activity of extracts suggested potential use of the plant in treatment of various diseases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6484 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 85-90

Download Full-text

Anticonvulsant Activity of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract and Solvent Fractions of Buddleja polystachya Fresen. (Buddlejaceae) in Mice

Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

10.4314/epj.v36i2.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 121-130

Author(s):

Tewodros Agedew ◽

Teshome Nedi ◽

Shemsu Umer ◽

Workineh Shibeshi

Keyword(s):

Crude Extract ◽

Anticonvulsant Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Motor Coordination ◽

Negative Control ◽

Anticonvulsant Effect ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Seizure Models

Epilepsy is a chronic non-communicable disease characterized by recurrent seizures. According to 2019 WHO report, it affects about 50 million people globally and nearly 80% of them live in low-and middleincome countries. Current antiepileptic drugs have several limitations including lack of response in significant number of patients and intolerable adverse drug reactions. Buddleja polystachya Fresen. (Buddlejaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of epilepsy in Ethiopian traditional medicine, where the dried leaves are crushed, mixed with local alcoholic beverage and taken orally. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions of B. polystachya in mice models of seizure. The dried and powdered leaves of B. polystachya were extracted using cold maceration with 80% methanol (1:5 w/v), and the resulting crude extract was fractionated using chloroform and n-butanol to get chloroform, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. Anticonvulsant activities of B. polystachya crude extract and solvent fractions at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES)–induced seizures in mice (n = 6). In addition, motor coordination effects were assessed using rotarod test. Sodium valproate (200 mg/kg), phenytoin (25 mg/kg) and diazepam (5 mg/kg) were used as standards for PTZ, MES and rotarod tests, respectively. Distilled water or 2% tween 80 was used as negative control. All doses of the crude extract exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) anticonvulsant property in both PTZ and MES tests compared with negative control. Similarly, the n-butanol fraction exerted significant (p < 0.001) anticonvulsant effects in both seizure models. However, the chloroform fraction (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a significant (p < 0.001) anticonvulsant effect in only PTZ-induced seizure model. The aqueous fraction was devoid of any anticonvulsant activity in both models. The crude extract and fractions did not exert any significant changes in motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extract and solvent fractions revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the plant has a promising anticonvulsant activity and could be considered as a potential source to develop new anticonvulsant drug.

Download Full-text