Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn Pers Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats

India is known for its traditional medicinal system – Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. There are several references in our ancient literature about the miraculous curing properties of the plant-based drugs. “Rig Veda and Atharva veda” seems to be the earliest record of use of plant in the medicine. A stomach ulcer involves an erosion in a person’s gastrointestinal tract. ‘Peptic’ is derived from Greek word “Peptikos” who’s meaning is related to digestion. Peptic ulcer occurs in the part of the gastrointestinal track which is exposed to gastric acid and pepsin (i.e) the stomach and duodenum. The extract of Tephrosia purpurea flowers against viruses and is very good antibacterial against Gram +ve and Gram -ve strain. The Plant extract was prepared and the phytochemical analysis was performed. The extract was administered with animals. The drug were administered orally once daily for 2 days and 45 min prior to pyloric ligation. The animals are sacrificed after four hours of pylorus ligation. The result indicates that, Flavonoids and Tannins have shown to be present in the TPAL treated groups. Since flavanoids antagonize aggressive factor which play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of gastric lesion and also enhance defence factor to protect the gastric mucosa from injury. Flavanoids diminish histamine secretion from mast cell by inhibition of histidine decarboxylase and stimulate PG biosynthesis. So the antiulcer activity of TPAL may be attributed to its flavonoid content. The study concluded that TPAL has an anti ulcer activity which may be due to protection and the strengthening of the mucosal defensive factor like mucus, bicarbonate, prostaglandin.

AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF WHOLE PLANT OF HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS (L.) POIT: AN ANTI-ULCER AGENT

The aim of current experimental study was to determine anti-ulcer potential of Watery extricate of Hyptis suaveolens entire plant (AEHS) on the Wister strain albino rats. The Watery extricate of Hyptis suaveolens entire plant (in two different doses, 250mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) was allowed for anti-ulcer activity against Pylorus ligation induced model in Wistar albino rats. Omeprazole (20mg/kg) was used as standard for the evaluation of activity. Parameters like Proportion of Ulcer protection was reckoned based on Ulcer index and Digestive juice volume, pH and acidity of gastric juice, Mucus production and Pepsin estimation, tensile strength. The AEHS with 500 mg/kg dose was shown significant anti-ulcer activity when compared with the control group.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Annona reticulate

Annona reticulate (AR) is indigenous to the tropical areas of India and worldwide. The use of plant as remedy for diarrhea and ulcer is well documented in Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, pharmacological evidence does not exist to substantiate its therapeutic efficacy for the same. The aim was to investigate the antiulcer and anti-diarrheal activity of methanolic (ME) and aqueous extracts (AE) of A. reticulate in animal model. The antiulcer activity of extracts was investigated using ethanol and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer. The anti-diarrheal activity of MEAR and AEAR extracts was evaluated by castor oil induced diarrhea and gastro intestinal motility using parameters such as onset of diarrhea, number of wet stools, total number of stool and weight of total number of stools. The antiulcer activity of the extracts was confirmed by a reduction in ulcer index along with the decrease in gastric volume, total acidity, and an increase in pH of gastric content in both the models. A. reticulate extracts were more efficacious in reducing number of total stools in both the models of diarrhea and showed a dose-dependent antidiarrheal effect. The obtained results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folkloric use of the A. reticulate as antiulcer and antidiarrhoeal agent.

(-)-Carveol Prevents Gastric Ulcers via Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antisecretory and Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in Animal Models

Background: (-)-Carveol (p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol) is a monocyclic monoterpenic alcohol, present in essential oils of plant species such as Cymbopogon giganteus, Illicium pachyphyllum and in spices such as Carum carvi (cumin). Pharmacological studies report its antitumor, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, vasorelaxant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Hypothesis/Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute non-clinical oral toxicity, gastroprotective activity of monoterpene (-)-Carveol in animal models and the related mechanisms of action.Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guide 423 in mice. Ethanol, stress, NSAIDs and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer models were used to investigate antiulcer properties. The related mechanisms of action were using the ethanol-gastric lesions protocol.Results: (-)-Carveol has low toxicity, with a lethal dose 50% (LD50) equal to or greater than 2,500 mg/kg according to OECD guide nº 423. In all gastric ulcer induction methods evaluated, (-)-Carveol (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the ulcerative lesion in comparison with the respective control groups. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity, the antisecretory or neutralizing of gastric secretion, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects were evaluated. In the experimental protocol of pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer, (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) the volume of gastric secretion in both routes (oral and intraduodenal). The previous administration of blockers NEM (sulfhydryl groups blocker), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor), glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker) and indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), significantly reduced the gastroprotection exercised by (-)-Carveol, suggesting the participation of these pathways in its gastroprotective activity. In addition, treatment with (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) increased (p < 0.001) mucus adhered to the gastric wall. Treatment also increased (p < 0.001) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). It also reduced (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels.Conclusion: Thus, it is possible to infer that (-)-Carveol presents gastroprotective activity related to antisecretory, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Antiulcerogenic effect of Methanolic Root Extract of Berberis lycium Linn by Pylorus ligation and Ethanol induced Ulceration

Background: Gastric ulcer is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, which affects approximately 5-10% of people during their life. In recent years, abundant work has been carried out on herbal medicine to clarify their potential efficacy in gastric ulcer prevention or management. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiulcer activity of the methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium in albino rats. Method: The methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium was prepared by hot extraction method. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated and method employed was pylorus ligation and ethanol induced in albino rats. Preliminary methanolic extract of Berberis lycium was subjected to the acute oral toxicity study according to the OECD guideline no. 425. Animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. The animals of Group I served as normal control (vehicle) which received distilled water. Group II and III received 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of methanolic root extract, respectively. In pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, various parameters were studied viz. gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index. Ulcer index and percentage inhibition of ulceration was determined for ethanol induced ulcer model. Group IV received Ranitidine at 50 mg/kg was used as the standard drug. Pretreatment of methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed significant (P˂0.05) decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity and free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased only at higher dose 500 mg/kg. It showed also significant (P˂0.05) decrease in number of ulcers and ulcer score index in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulceration models. Results: The methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed a significant reduction in the total acidity, free acidity and acid volume. The efficacy of plant extract at high dose was comparable with the standard drug Ranitidine. Conclusion: Our study results support the ethnomedical use of root of Berberis lycium. Keywords: Antiulcer activity, Berberis lycium, Pylorus ligation, Ranitidine, Ulcer Index.

ANTIULCER AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF STEM BARK AND LEAF OF ANOGEISSUS PENDULA EDGEW

Anogeissus pendula Edgew has been reported to be used in gastric disorder even though no attempt has been made to evaluate the same. The present study was designed to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extracts of stem bark and leaves for in vivo acute antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Antiulcer activity was studied by pylorus ligation induced ulcers while anti-inflammatory activities was studied by carrageenan induced paw edema. The extract of stem bark at 200 and 400 mg/kg b. w., significantly (P<0.05) reduced ulcer index whereas extracts of both stem bark and leaves significantly (P<0.001) reduced paw diameter at the fifth hour. The hydroalcholic extract of stem bark of A. pendula possesses more significant antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activity than the hydroalcholic extract of leaves may be due to the presence of higher amount of phenolic compounds.

Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of 4-hydrooxy benzalydehide against NSAIDs induced ulcers in rats

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate antiulcer activity of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde against NSAIDs induced ulcer in rats based differences in its morphology, distance with other external landmarks and also to sigmoid and transverse sinuses.Methods: The antiulcer activity of 4-HBD was evaluated using pylorus ligation-aspirin induced ulcer method. Animals of this models were treated with 4-HBD (50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg).Results: It has been observed that 4-HBD at low dose (50mg/kg), intermediate dose (100mg/kg) and high dose (150mg/kg) showed significant increase in pH, significant decrease in gastric volume, significant decrease in ulcer index and significant decrease in total acidity.Conclusions: The impact of 4-HBD therapy with intermediate (100mg/kg, p.o.) dose was observed to be similar with the positive control group.

Essential Oils Derived from Momordica charantia Seeds Exhibited Antiulcer Activity against Hydrogen Chloride/Ethanol and Indomethacin

Momordica charantia (MC) is popular for its medicinal uses especially for treating diabetic-related complications. However, the antiulcer activity of essential oil derived from the seeds has not been systematically studied. This study aims to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of essential oil derived from the seed of MC induced by hydrochloride acid/ethanol (HCl/EtOH) and indomethacin and pylorus-ligation model. Gastric ulceration was induced by oral administration of HCl/EtOH solution or indomethacin on day 7 after animals have been pretreated with testing compounds. The first group received just distilled water and the second group received ranitidine (100 mg/kg). Groups 3, 4, and 5 received 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg of essential oil based on their body weight (10 mL/kg), respectively. Macroscopically, pretreatment of essential oil extracted from MC significantly decreased ulceration induced by HCl/EtOH and indomethacin in vivo. Microscopically, essential oil also significantly suppressed the formation of edema, epithelial disruption, and mucosa erosions. Moreover, essential oil significantly elevated the pH without decreasing the total acidity of the gastric juice and was able to increase the amount of adherent mucus compared to control. Current results provide scientific basis to the ethno-pharmacological usage of the MC in preventing ulcer formation induced by HCl/EtOH and indomethacin.

Evaluation of In Vivo Antiulcer Activity of Hydro-Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Stem Bark of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae) on Rodent Models

Introduction. The stem bark of Ficus thonningii is used by Ethiopian traditional healers and the community for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Thus, the current study was aimed at evaluating the antiulcer effect of hydro-methanol extract and solvent fractions of F. thonningii. Methods. The stem bark of F. thonningii was collected and shed dried. Then, the stem bark was extracted by 80% hydro-methanol solvents and dried. The part of the dried hydro-methanol extract was further fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. Dose-dependent pylorus ligation, curative indomethacin-induced, and time-dependent ethanol-induced ulcer models were evaluated for the hydro-methanol extract and solvent fractions. Statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The analyses were carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. The result was considered significant when p < 0.05 . Results. The extract of F. thonningii showed a significant ( p < 0.001 ) reduction in total acidity at all the tested doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). All the tested doses of the hydro-methanol extract significantly reduced the gastric volume as compared to the vehicle (NC) ( p < 0.01 ). The gastric pH was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) increased by 200 and 400 mg/kg. Similarly, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly ( p < 0.05 ) lowered gastric ulceration as compared to the NC. The hydro-methanol extract and aqueous fractions of F. thonningii at 200 mg/kg showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) reduction in the ulcer index on a repeated dose of the hydro-methanol and solvent fractions. Ulcer healing effect on indomethacin-induced ulcer was not significant ( p > 0.05 ) for all tested doses of the hydro-methanol extract. Conclusion. The study demonstrated that the stem bark of F. thonningii has a potential antiulcer activity that might be due to antisecretory or cytoprotective effects.

Silicon-containing water intake confers antioxidant effect, gastrointestinal protection, and gut microbiota modulation in the rodents

We explored the effects of silicon-containing water (BT) intake on gastrointestinal function and gut microbiota. BT was obtained by pressuring tap water through silicon minerals (mullite, Al6Si2O13) column. BT decreased H2O2 chemiluminescence counts, indicating its antioxidant activity. Four weeks of BT drinking increased H2O2 scavenging activity and glutathione peroxidase activity of plasma. BT drinking did not affect the body weight but significantly reduced the weight of feces and gastrointestinal motility. BT drinking significantly suppressed pylorus ligation enhanced gastric juice secretion, gastric reactive oxygen species amount, erythrocyte extravasation, IL-1β production by infiltrating leukocyte, and lipid peroxidation within gastric mucosa. Data from 16S rRNA sequencing revealed BT drinking significantly increased beneficial flora including Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Prevotellaceae NK3B31, Weissella paramesenteroides, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus murinus and decreased harmful flora including Mucispirillum, Rodentibacter, and Staphylococcus aureus. This study pioneerly provided scientific evidences for the potential effects of water-soluble forms of silicon intake on antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal function, and gut microbiota modulation.