scholarly journals A Review on Machine Learning Application in Biodiesel Production Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yuanzhi Xing ◽  
Zile Zheng ◽  
Yike Sun ◽  
Masoome Agha Alikhani
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Model Control ◽  
Catalyst Type ◽  
System Input

The consumption of fossil fuels has exponentially increased in recent decades, despite significant air pollution, environmental deterioration challenges, health problems, and limited resources. Biofuel can be used instead of fossil fuel due to environmental benefits and availability to produce various energy sorts like electricity, power, and heating or to sustain transportation fuels. Biodiesel production is an intricate process that requires identifying unknown nonlinear relationships between the system input and output data; therefore, accurate and swift modeling instruments like machine learning (ML) or artificial intelligence (AI) are necessary to design, handle, control, optimize, and monitor the system. Among the biodiesel production modeling methods, machine learning provides better predictions with the highest accuracy, inspired by the brain’s autolearning and self-improving capability to solve the study’s complicated questions; therefore, it is beneficial for modeling (trans) esterification processes, physicochemical properties, and monitoring biodiesel systems in real-time. Machine learning applications in the production phase include quality optimization and estimation, process conditions, and quantity. Emissions composition and temperature estimation and motor performance analysis investigate in the consumption phase. Fatty methyl acid ester stands as the output parameter, and the input parameters include oil and catalyst type, methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, domain, and frequency. This paper will present a review and discuss various ML technology advantages, disadvantages, and applications in biodiesel production, mainly focused on recently published articles from 2010 to 2021, to make decisions and optimize, model, control, monitor, and forecast biodiesel production.

scholarly journals A review on bioethanol production using lignocellulosic biomass

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-203
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fuel

Declining supplies of fossil fuels, increasing population, global industrialization, and demand for transportation fuels have triggered an increase in the demand for renewable energy sources. To address such problems most of the green research in recent years has focused on the development of bioethanol (23 MJ/L) as a substitute to conventional gasoline (34.3 MJ/L) based fuels owing to the similarity in energy density values in addition to several other advantages (American Council on renewable energy, 2010). Second-generation biofuels are derived from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, mostly coming from agricultural residues. Extraction of fuel from such biomass is difficult because of their recalcitrant nature (corn stover, rice straw, wheat straw, sugar cane, and sweet sorghum). Lignocellulosic fuel has the potential to solve several problems (food competing with fuel) that are currently associated with first-generation biofuels. Moreover, lignocellulosic fuels can supply a larger proportion of the global fuel leading to sustainability at a lower cost, and with greater environmental benefits (Liz Marsall, 2009). The production of ethanol from the complex sugars in leaves and stalks is a promising strategy to radically broaden the range of possible ethanol feedstock.

Biomass Valorization for Fuel and Chemicals Production -- A Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Briens ◽  
Jan Piskorz ◽  
Franco Berruti
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
The Many

The transformation of biomass into fuel and chemicals is becoming increasingly popular as a way to mitigate global warming and diversify energy sources. Biomass is a renewable, carbon-neutral resource, and fuels derived from biomass usually burn more cleanly than fossil fuels. It has been estimated that biomass could provide about 25% of global energy requirements. In addition, biomass can also be a source of valuable chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives. Several kinds of biomass can be converted to fuel and chemicals. Examples are wood and wood waste, agricultural crops, agricultural waste, litter from animal feedlots, waste from food processing operations and sludge from water treatment plants.Various processes can be used to convert biomass to energy. The biomass can be burned, transformed into a fuel gas through partial combustion, into a biogas through fermentation, into bioalcohol through biochemical processes, into biodiesel, into a bio-oil or into a syngas from which chemicals and fuels can be synthesized. Wood combustion, bioethanol production from either sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel production from oilseeds are currently the most economically significant processes but still need significant improvements. A detailed review of the many processes that can convert biomass into fuels and chemicals shows that no individual process is without drawbacks. As a result, it is recommended that a biorefinery is the best solution to combine and integrate various processes to maximize economic and environmental benefits, while minimizing waste and pollution.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Alkali Free Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Mg/Al Ratio

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.14) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Erma Hafiza Ibrahim ◽  
Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin ◽  
Noraini Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Double Hydroxide

The depletion of fossil fuels and the concerned toward environmental sustainability have created a considerable to alternate development of sources of energy as substitute for traditional fossil fuels. The biodiesel production has been reported to be an ideal solution as alternative diesel fuel due to its environmental benefits. Thus, the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDHs) as a heterogeneous catalyst was studied to produce the biodiesel. In this work, Mg-Al-LDH was fabricated via alkali free co-precipitation method with final Mg/Al ratio of 4:1, 3:1 and 2:1. The product of co-precipitation was undergone aging process for 24 h. Then it was placed in oven at 100 ⁰C overnight and finally was calcined at 450 ⁰C for 5 h. The correlation of crystallinity, morphology and particle size of Mg-Al-LDH before and after calcined were examined and compared. X-ray diffraction analyse (XRD) was used to study the textural and structural characteristics of the samples. Particle size, morphology and particle properties were characterize by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). The bonding and structural of Mg-Al-LDH was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for the elemental analysis of the samples. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the transesterification reaction under the following reaction condition: temperature (60 ⁰C-65 ⁰C), time (24 h) and methanol to oil ratio (15:1) .The greatest yield was 85.2% and obtained with combination of 4:1 Mg/Al ratio followed by 3:1 and 2:1 ratio.  

scholarly journals Potential Feedstock of Rubber Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.14) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
N. Hamzah ◽  
S. Mohd Isa ◽  
N. Ahmad Tajuddin
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel can help to reduce the world‘s dependence on fossil fuels and which also has significant environmental benefits. Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained via transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. The rubber seed oil (RSO) is chosen as a potential non-edible vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel. The oil was extracted from the seed by using pressurized liquid extraction (ASE). The percentage rubber seed oil extracted from 2.6 kilograms rubber seed was obtained 35%. The acid value of RSO has reduced from 52.3 mg KOH/g to 0.8 mg KOH/g while FFA% value has reduced from 35% to 1.18% after acid esterification was applied to RSO. The oil was proceed with base transesterification where the triglycerides from the oil were converted into FAME. The optimization of transesterification process was performed in order to determine the optimum conditions that give the highest FAME yield. Result shows that optimum conditions of the transesterification of rubber seed oil were 1:6 of oil to methanol mass ratio ,30 wt% KOH catalyst, 60 oC reaction temperature and 60 minutes reaction time, that offering the highest biodiesel yield of 96%.   

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

Utilization of pomegranate waste-peel as a novel substrate for biodiesel production by Bacillus cereus (MF908505)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207
Author(s):  
Amruta P. Kanakdande ◽  
Chandrahasya N. Khobragade ◽  
Rajaram S. Mane
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Needs

The continuous rising demands and fluctuations in the prices of fossil fuels warrant searching for an alternative renewable energy source to manage the energy needs.

scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Matea Bačić ◽  
Anabela Ljubić ◽  
Martin Gojun ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
Ana Jurinjak Tušek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Free Glycerol ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Glycerol Content

In this research, optimization of the integrated biodiesel production process composed of transesterification of edible sunflower oil, catalyzed by commercial lipase, with simultaneous extraction of glycerol from the reaction mixture was performed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used in this integrated process as the reaction and extraction media. For two systems, choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly) and choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), respectively, the optimal water content, mass ratio of the phase containing the mixture of reactants (oil and methanol) with an enzyme and a DES phase (mass ratio of phases), and the molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent constituents were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments performed with ChCl:Gly resulted in a higher biodiesel yield and higher glycerol extraction efficiency, namely, a mass ratio of phases of 1:1, a mass fraction of water of 6.6%, and a molar ratio of the ChCl:Gly of 1:3.5 were determined to be the optimal process conditions. When the reaction was performed in a batch reactor under the optimal conditions, the process resulted in a 43.54 ± 0.2% yield and 99.54 ± 0.19% glycerol extraction efficiency (t = 2 h). Unfortunately, the free glycerol content was higher than the one defined by international standards (wG > 0.02%); therefore, the process was performed in a microsystem to enhance the mass transfer. Gaining the same yield and free glycerol content below the standards (wG = 0.0019 ± 0.003%), the microsystem proved to be a good direction for future process optimization.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

scholarly journals From Black Box to Machine Learning: A Journey through Membrane Process Modelling

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Claudia F. Galinha ◽  
João G. Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Process Modelling ◽  
Model Membrane ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Mechanistic Modelling ◽  
Process Monitoring And Control

Membrane processes are complex systems, often comprising several physicochemical phenomena, as well as biological reactions, depending on the systems studied. Therefore, process modelling is a requirement to simulate (and predict) process and membrane performance, to infer about optimal process conditions, to assess fouling development, and ultimately, for process monitoring and control. Despite the actual dissemination of terms such as Machine Learning, the use of such computational tools to model membrane processes was regarded by many in the past as not useful from a scientific point-of-view, not contributing to the understanding of the phenomena involved. Despite the controversy, in the last 25 years, data driven, non-mechanistic modelling is being applied to describe different membrane processes and in the development of new modelling and monitoring approaches. Thus, this work aims at providing a personal perspective of the use of non-mechanistic modelling in membrane processes, reviewing the evolution supported in our own experience, gained as research group working in the field of membrane processes. Additionally, some guidelines are provided for the application of advanced mathematical tools to model membrane processes.

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