scholarly journals Idiopathic Pulmonary Comorbidities and Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Maricica Pacurari ◽  
Amal Mitra ◽  
Timothy Turner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with an unknown etiology mainly characterized by a progressive decline of lung function due to the scarring of the tissue deep in the lungs. The overall survival after diagnosis remains low between 3 and 5 years. IPF is a heterogeneous disease and much progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the disease mechanisms that contributed to the development of two new drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, which improved the therapeutic management of the disease. The understanding of the cofactors and comorbidities of IPF also contributed to improved management of the disease outcome. In the present review, we evaluate scientific evidence which indicates IPF as a risk factor for other diseases based on the complexity of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the disease development and of comorbidities. We conclude from the existing literature that while much progress has been made in understating the mechanisms involved in IPF development, further studies are still necessary to fully understand IPF pathogenesis which will contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for IPF management as well as other diseases for which IPF is a major risk factor.

scholarly journals Development of the Swiss Database for Dosing Medicinal Products in Paediatrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Tilen ◽  
Dalibor Panis ◽  
Samuel Aeschbacher ◽  
Sabine Thomas ◽  
Henriette Meyerzuschwabidissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Drug Dosing ◽  
The Past

In daily paediatrics, drugs are commonly used off-label, as they are not approved for children. Approval is lacking because the required clinical studies were limited to adults in the past. Without clinical studies, evidence-based recommendations for drug use in children are limited. In the meantime, paediatric regulation came into force where the approval of new drugs requires clinical studies in children. Still, most of the drugs currently prescribed to children are not yet covered by this new regulation. Information on drug dosing in children can be found in different handbooks, databases, and scientific publications but the dosing recommendations can differ considerably. Accordingly, prescribing medicines to children remains a challenge. To improve drug safety and efficacy in children and assist the prescribers, stakeholders in Swiss paediatrics started a pilot project, supported by the Federal Office of Public Health, with the aim to create a database, providing healthcare professionals with so called “harmonised” dosage recommendations based on national consensus. A standardised process for dosage harmonisation was defined, guided, and documented in an electronic tool, developed for this purpose thereby integrating the latest available scientific evidence and best clinical practice for optimal dosage recommendations. As proof of principle, a total of 102 dosage recommendations for 30 different drugs have been nationally harmonised in the pilot phase considering the current literature and the consent of the most experienced national experts in the field. This approach paved the way for unified national dosage recommendations for children.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding regulation of the Arabidopsis circadian clock by local cellular environment

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hearn ◽  
Alex A.R. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Circadian Oscillator ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Made In

Circadian clocks have evolved to synchronise an organism’s physiology with the environmental rhythms driven by the Earth’s rotation on its axis. Over the past two decades, many of the genetic components of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian oscillator have been identified. The interactions between these components have been formulized into mathematical models that describe the transcriptional translational feedback loops of the oscillator. More recently, focus has turned to the regulation and functions of the circadian clock. These studies have shown that the system dynamically responds to environmental signals and small molecules. We describe advances that have been made in discovering the cellular mechanisms by which signals regulate the circadian oscillator of Arabidopsis in the context of tissue-specific regulation.

Molecular genetics and biology of dementia

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Harold ◽  
Julie Williams
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Risk Genes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Made In

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the genetics and molecular biology of dementia. In this chapter we focus predominantly on the most common form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but also discuss vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia. Genetic mutations have been identified that cause Mendelian subtypes of each disorder, and in recent years genome-wide association studies have greatly aided the identification of risk genes for more common forms of disease. For example, 9 susceptibility genes have been identified in AD in the past 3 years as a result of genome-wide association studies, the first robust risk loci to be identified since APOE in 1993. This progress in genetic research is having a dramatic effect on our understanding of disease pathogenesis, by refining previous ideas and defining new primary disease mechanisms.

scholarly journals Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson’s Disease

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Carla Ferreira ◽  
Catarina Almeida ◽  
Sandra Tenreiro ◽  
Alexandre Quintas
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutant

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is currently the most rapid growing neurodegenerative disease and over the past generation, its global burden has more than doubled. The onset of PD can arise due to environmental, sporadic or genetic factors. Nevertheless, most PD cases have an unknown etiology. Chemicals, such as the anthropogenic pollutant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amphetamine-type stimulants, have been associated with the onset of PD. Conversely, cannabinoids have been associated with the treatment of the symptoms’. PD and medical cannabis is currently under the spotlight, and research to find its benefits on PD is on-going worldwide. However, the described clinical applications and safety of pharmacotherapy with cannabis products are yet to be fully supported by scientific evidence. Furthermore, the novel psychoactive substances are currently a popular alternative to classical drugs of abuse, representing an unknown health hazard for young adults who may develop PD later in their lifetime. This review addresses the neurotoxic and neuroprotective impact of illicit substance consumption in PD, presenting clinical evidence and molecular and cellular mechanisms of this association. This research area is utterly important for contemporary society since illicit drugs’ legalization is under discussion which may have consequences both for the onset of PD and for the treatment of its symptoms.

scholarly journals Evolving Strategies in First-Line Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Is There a Role for Chemoimmunotherapy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11.5) ◽  
pp. 1408-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Brown ◽  
William G. Wierda
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Past ◽  
Annual Congress ◽  
Line Setting ◽  
Made In

With the enormous progress made in treatment and management, many oncologists have called this the golden age of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The past few years alone have seen the approval of multiple agents, including small molecule inhibitors that have led to longer, more durable periods of disease control. However, the introduction of these new drugs into the armamentarium has raised an important question regarding standard of care: is there still a role for chemoimmunotherapy in the first-line setting? At the NCCN 2019 Annual Congress: Hematologic Malignancies, Drs. William G. Wierda and Jennifer R. Brown presented opposing sides of the debate.

scholarly journals Immune-Regulatory Mechanisms in Systemic Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Takakubo ◽  
Yrjö T. Konttinen
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells ◽  
Th 17 ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Made In

Systemic autoimmune and rheumatic diseases (SAIRDs) are thought to develop due to the failure of autoimmune regulation and tolerance. Current therapies, such as biologics, have improved the clinical results of SAIRDs; however, they are not curative treatments. Recently, new discoveries have been made in immune tolerance and inflammation, such as tolerogenic dendritic cells, regulatory T and B cells, Th 17 cells, inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, and intracellular signaling pathways. They lay the foundation for the next generation of the therapies beyond the currently used biologic therapies. New drugs should target the core processes involved in disease mechanisms with the aim to attain complete cure combined with safety and low costs compared to the biologic agents. Re-establishment of autoimmune regulation and tolerance in SAIRDs by the end of the current decade should be the final and realistic target.

scholarly journals Clinical Biomarkers and Pathogenic-Related Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyin Niu ◽  
Guangjie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Made In

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Although major therapeutic advances have been made in recent years, there is no cure for the disease. Current medications mainly reduce inflammation in order to relieve pain and slow joint damage, but many have potentially serious side effects. Therefore, to find specific biomarkers will benefit both RA patients to find relief from the disease and physicians to monitor the disease development. A number of biomarkers have been discovered and used clinically, and others are still under investigation. The autoantibodies, which are widely used in diagnosis and prognosis, novel biomarkers, which reflect clinical disease activity, and newly found biomarkers and pathogenic-related cytokines are discussed in this review.

Isolation of Asbestos from Lung Tissue and Sputum

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M. G. Williams ◽  
C. Corn ◽  
R. F. Dodson ◽  
G. A. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The Past

During this century, interest in the particulate content of the organs and body fluids of those individuals affected by pneumoconiosis, cancer, or other diseases of unknown etiology developed and concern was further prompted with the increasing realization that various foreign particles were associated with or caused disease. Concurrently particularly in the past two decades, a number of methods were devised for isolating particulates from tissue. These methods were recently reviewed by Vallyathan et al. who concluded sodium hypochlorite digestion was both simple and superior to other digestion procedures.

South Asian Developmental Crisis (Review Article)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Like nations and civilizations, sciences also pass through period of crises when established theories are overthrown by the unpredictable behaviour of events. Economics is passing through such a crisis. The challenge thrown by the Great Depression of early 1930s took a decade before Keynes re-established the supremacy of economics. But this supremacy has again been upset by the crisis of poverty in the vast under-developed world which attained political independence after the Second World War. Poverty had always existed but never before had it been of such concern to economists as during the past twenty five years or so. Economic literature dealing with this problem has piled up but so have the agonies of poverty. No plausible and well-integrated theory of economic development or under-development has emerged so far, though brilliant advances have been made in isolated directions.

Risk Factor Of Substitution ARV First Line People Living With HIV/AIDS In General Hospital Buleleng Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Luh Putu Desy Puspaningrat ◽  
Gusti Putu Candra ◽  
Putu Dian Prima Kusuma Dewi ◽  
I Made Sundayana ◽  
Indrie Lutfiana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factor Substitution ◽  
Living With Hiv

Substitution is still a threat to the failure of ARV therapy so that no matter how small it must be noted and monitored in ARV therapy. The aims  was analysis risk factor substitution ARV first line in therapy ARV. This study was an analytic longitudinal study with retrospective secondary data analysis in a cohort of patients receiving ARV therapy at the District General Hospital of Buleleng District for the period of 2006-2015 and secondary data from medical records of PLHA patients receiving ART.  Result in this study that the percentage of first-line ARV substitution events is 9.88% (119/1204) who received ARV therapy for the past 11 years. Risk factors that increase the risk of substitution in ARV therapy patients are zidovudine (aOR 4.29 CI 1.31 -2.65 p 0.01), nevirapine (aOR1.86 CI 2.15 - 8.59 p 0.01) and functional working status (aOR 1.46 CI 1.13 - 1.98 p 0.01). 

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