scholarly journals Microscopic Stress Sensitivity Analysis with In Situ SEM Study and Digital Core Deformation Simulation

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Weibo Sui ◽  
Yanan Hou ◽  
Zhilin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Method ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Pore Network Model ◽  
Deformation Simulation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Digital Core ◽  
Stress States

Rock stress sensitivity is typically investigated macroscopically. In contrast, a new method combining in situ Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) study and digital core deformation simulation is developed in this paper, providing an effective way to investigate the relationship between microstructural deformation and decreasing permeability. The simulation method might replace in situ SEM study under certain scenarios. First, the in situ SEM study was implemented, and the microstructure deformations of rock samples during uniaxial loading were observed and recorded. The SEM images at different stress states were analyzed by digital image correlation (DIC) technique to investigate the principles of these deformations. A deformation simulation method was correspondingly proposed. The simulation effectiveness was demonstrated by comparing the simulation and the in situ SEM study results. To validate the simulation method for the three-dimensional (3D) digital core, porosity-permeability integrated measurements under triaxial stresses were conducted to obtain macroscale data under different stress states for a tight sandstone sample. A 3D digital core was reconstructed by micro-CT imaging with the same rock sample. Under the constraints of the measured porosity changes, the 3D digital core deformation was simulated. A series of simulated cores at different stress states were used for pore network model extraction, and the corresponding permeability was calculated. A comparison of the permeability changes of the simulation and porosity-permeability integrated measurements indicated consistently that the simulation method can characterize the 3D digital core stress sensitivity. In addition, the in situ SEM study results revealed that the throats deformed more severely than the pores by generating the pore and throat diameter frequency distributions at different stress states. Therefore, we concluded that throat deformation is more critical than pore deformation for permeability reduction.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Permeability Calculation Using Digital Core Simulation Technology

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Wenlong Jing ◽  
Yongfei Yang ◽  
Hainan Yang ◽  
Yaohao Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Boltzmann ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Pore Network Model ◽  
Direct Computation ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Digital Core ◽  
Core Simulation ◽  
Boltzmann Method

Digital core simulation technology, as an emerging numerical simulation method, has gradually come to play a significant role in the study of petrophysical properties. By using this numerical simulation method, the influence of micro factors on seepage properties of reservoir rock is taken into consideration, making up the shortcomings of the traditional physical experiment. Three-dimensional core images are reconstructed by a computed tomography scanning technique. Different sizes of the sub-region were simulated by three methods including the direct computation of Navier-Stokes equations, the simulation of the pore network model, and the lattice Boltzmann method. The permeability computed by each simulation was compared. After comparison between these three methods, the results of the direct computation method based on Navier-Stokes equations were found to be higher than the other two methods. The pore network model simulation has an obvious advantage on the computation speed and the simulation area. The lattice Boltzmann method shows the low efficiency due to the time-consuming process. At last, the permeability calculated by the three methods is matched by the Kozeny-Carman equation. A more accurate formula can be obtained by a series of numerical simulations, which can be applied to marco-scale simulation.

scholarly journals Multiaxial Damage Characterization of Carbon/Epoxy Angle-Ply Laminates under Static Tension by Combining In Situ Microscopy with Acoustic Emission

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi-Artemi Kalteremidou ◽  
Brendan Murray ◽  
Eleni Tsangouri ◽  
Dimitrios Aggelis ◽  
Danny Van Hemelrijck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Multiaxial Stress ◽  
Damage Characterization ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Angle Ply Laminates

Investigating the damage progression in carbon/epoxy composites is still a challenging task, even after years of analysis and study. Especially when multiaxial stress states occur, the development of damage is a stochastic phenomenon. In the current work, a combined nondestructive methodology is proposed in order to investigate the damage from the static tensile loading of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Flat angle-ply laminates are used to examine the influence of multiaxial stress states on the mechanical performance. In situ microscopy is combined with acoustic emission in order to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate the damage sequence in the laminates. At the same time, digital image correlation is used as a supporting tool for strain measurements and damage indications. Significant conclusions are drawn, highlighting the dominant influence of shear loading, leading to the deduction that the development of accurate damage criteria is of paramount importance. The data presented in the current manuscript is used during ongoing research as input for the damage characterization of the same material under fatigue loads.

scholarly journals Digital Image Correlation for Evaluation of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Slabs

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Christian Overgaard Christensen ◽  
Jacob Wittrup Schmidt ◽  
Philip Skov Halding ◽  
Medha Kapoor ◽  
Per Goltermann
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Stop Criterion

In proof-loading of concrete slab bridges, advanced monitoring methods are required for identification of stop criteria. In this study, Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D DIC) is investigated as one of the governing measurement methods for crack detection and evaluation. The investigations are deemed to provide valuable information about DIC capabilities under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the capabilities in relation to stop criterion verifications. Three Overturned T-beam (OT) Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs are used for the assessment. Of these, two are in situ strips (0.55 × 3.6 × 9.0 m) cut from a full-scale OT-slab bridge with a span of 9 m and one is a downscaled slab tested under laboratory conditions (0.37 × 1.7 × 8.4 m). The 2D DIC results includes full-field plots, investigation of the time of crack detection and monitoring of crack widths. Grey-level transformation was used for the in situ tests to ensure sufficient readability and results comparable to the laboratory test. Crack initiation for the laboratory test (with speckle pattern) and in situ tests (plain concrete surface) were detected at intervals of approximately 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm and 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm, respectively. Consequently, the paper evaluates a more qualitative approach to DIC test results, where crack indications and crack detection can be used as a stop criterion. It was furthermore identified that crack initiation was reached at high load levels, implying the importance of a target load.

scholarly journals Use of the AE Effect to Determine the Stresses State in AAC Masonry Walls under Compression

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3459
Author(s):  
Radosław Jasiński ◽  
Krzysztof Stebel ◽  
Paweł Kielan
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Deformation State ◽  
Hydrostatic Stresses ◽  
Stress States ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Masonry Units

Safety and reliability of constructions operated are predicted using the known mechanical properties of materials and geometry of cross-sections, and also the known internal forces. The extensometry technique (electro-resistant tensometers, wire gauges, sensor systems) is a common method applied under laboratory conditions to determine the deformation state of a material. The construction sector rarely uses ultrasonic extensometry with the acoustoelastic (AE) method which is based on the relation between the direction of ultrasonic waves and the direction of normal stresses. It is generally used to identify stress states of machine or vehicles parts, mainly made of steel, characterized by high homogeneity and a lack of inherent internal defects. The AE effect was detected in autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), which is usually used in masonry units. The acoustoelastic effect was used in the tests described to identify the complex stress state in masonry walls (masonry units) made of AAC. At first, the relationships were determined for mean hydrostatic stresses P and mean compressive stresses σ3 with relation to velocities of the longitudinal ultrasonic wave cp. These stresses were used to determine stresses σ3. The discrete approach was used which consists in analyzing single masonry units. Changes in velocity of longitudinal waves were identified at a test stand to control the stress states of an element tested by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The analyses involved density and the impact of moisture content of AAC. Then, the method was verified on nine walls subjected to axial compression and the model was validated with the FEM micromodel. It was demonstrated that mean compressive stresses σ3 and hydrostatic stresses, which were determined for the masonry using the method considered, could be determined even up to ca. 75% of failure stresses at the acceptable error level of 15%. Stresses σ1 parallel to bed joints were calculated using the known mean hydrostatic stresses and mean compressive stresses σ3.

scholarly journals Evaluating Machine Learning and Geostatistical Methods for Spatial Gap-filling of Monthly ESA CCI Soil Moisture in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2848
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Qian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Data Gaps

Obtaining large-scale, long-term, and spatial continuous soil moisture (SM) data is crucial for climate change, hydrology, and water resource management, etc. ESA CCI SM is such a large-scale and long-term SM (longer than 40 years until now). However, there exist data gaps, especially for the area of China, due to the limitations in remote sensing of SM such as complex topography, human-induced radio frequency interference (RFI), and vegetation disturbances, etc. The data gaps make the CCI SM data cannot achieve spatial continuity, which entails the study of gap-filling methods. In order to develop suitable methods to fill the gaps of CCI SM in the whole area of China, we compared typical Machine Learning (ML) methods, including Random Forest method (RF), Feedforward Neural Network method (FNN), and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with a geostatistical method, i.e., Ordinary Kriging (OK) in this study. More than 30 years of passive–active combined CCI SM from 1982 to 2018 and other biophysical variables such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), precipitation, air temperature, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil type, and in situ SM from International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) were utilized in this study. Results indicated that: 1) the data gap of CCI SM is frequent in China, which is found not only in cold seasons and areas but also in warm seasons and areas. The ratio of gap pixel numbers to the whole pixel numbers can be greater than 80%, and its average is around 40%. 2) ML methods can fill the gaps of CCI SM all up. Among the ML methods, RF had the best performance in fitting the relationship between CCI SM and biophysical variables. 3) Over simulated gap areas, RF had a comparable performance with OK, and they outperformed the FNN and GLM methods greatly. 4) Over in situ SM networks, RF achieved better performance than the OK method. 5) We also explored various strategies for gap-filling CCI SM. Results demonstrated that the strategy of constructing a monthly model with one RF for simulating monthly average SM and another RF for simulating monthly SM disturbance achieved the best performance. Such strategy combining with the ML method such as the RF is suggested in this study for filling the gaps of CCI SM in China.

Methodology for in situ stress intensity factor determination on cracked structures by digital image correlation

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Richter‐Trummer ◽  
P.M.G.P. Moreira ◽  
S.D. Pastrama ◽  
M.A.P. Vaz ◽  
P.M.S.T. de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Strain Field ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cracked Structures

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for in situ stress intensity factor (SIF) determination that can be used for the analysis of cracked structures. The technique is based on digital image correlation (DIC) combined with an overdetermined algorithm.Design/methodology/approachThe linear overdeterministic algorithm for calculating the SIF based on stress values around the crack tip is applied to a strain field obtained by DIC.FindingsAs long as the image quality is sufficiently high, a good accuracy can be obtained for the measured SIF. The crack tip can be automatically detected based on the same strain field. The use of the strain field instead of the displacement field, eliminates problems related to the rigid body motion of the analysed structure.Practical implicationsIn future works, based on the applied techniques, the SIF of complex cracked plane stress structures can be accurately determined in real engineering applications.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates application of known techniques, refined for other applications, also the use of stress field for SIF overdeterministic calculations.

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