scholarly journals New Generation of Smart Highway: Framework and Insights

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chenglong Liu ◽  
Yuchuan Du ◽  
Yiheng Ge ◽  
Difei Wu ◽  
Cong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Data Requirements ◽  
Current Stage

The new generation of smart highway (NGSH) has become an irresistible global trend to improve transport efficiency and safety. The exploration of the features and framework for NGSH can guide us to upgrade the current highway system. This paper summarizes the fundamental features of the NGSH from the perspective of the interactive evolution of automobile industry and road transport. In line with the popularity of automated and connected vehicles, the primary technical features of the NGSH are proposed as (I) complete elements sensing, (II) cyber-physical systems, (III) cooperative vehicle-infrastructure applications, and (IV) 5th generation mobile communication technology. The corresponding physical framework and data flow are introduced, in which three data attributes (data accuracy, dimensionality, and freshness) are highlighted to describe the data requirements for various scenarios. The development path of the NGSH is further discussed in terms of the different vehicle automation levels. The characteristics of five levels of NGSH are identified from R1 to R5. Different combinations of NGSH level and vehicle automation level lead to distinct system functions. Several urgent problems in the current stage are pointed out in terms of system compatibility, standard specification, and information security. This paper provides new insights for sustainable and reproducible highway reformation, drawing some implications for NGSH design.

Challenges to Human Drivers in Increasingly Automated Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Hancock ◽  
Tara Kajaks ◽  
Jeff K. Caird ◽  
Mark H. Chignell ◽  
Sachi Mizobuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Critical System ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Driver Acceptance

Objective We examine the relationships between contemporary progress in on‐road vehicle automation and its coherence with an envisioned “autopia” (automobile utopia) whereby the vehicle operation task is removed from all direct human control. Background The progressive automation of on‐road vehicles toward a completely driverless state is determined by the integration of technological advances into the private automobile market; improvements in transportation infrastructure and systems efficiencies; and the vision of future driving as a crash‐free enterprise. While there are many challenges to address with respect to automated vehicles concerning the remaining driver role, a considerable amount of technology is already present in vehicles and is advancing rapidly. Methods A multidisciplinary team of experts met to discuss the most critical challenges in the changing role of the driver, and associated safety issues, during the transitional phase of vehicle automation where human drivers continue to have an important but truncated role in monitoring and supervising vehicle operations. Results The group endorsed that vehicle automation is an important application of information technology, not only because of its impact on transportation efficiency, but also because road transport is a life critical system in which failures result in deaths and injuries. Five critical challenges were identified: driver independence and mobility, driver acceptance and trust, failure management, third-party testing, and political support. Conclusion Vehicle automation is not technical innovation alone, but is a social as much as a technological revolution consisting of both attendant costs and concomitant benefits.

Whose Hard Times?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Chinese Automobile Industry ◽  
New Generation

This chapter carries out an in-depth analysis of the transformation of China's automobile industry and its labor force over the past two decades, with particular attention on how shop-floor, national, and global processes interact in complex ways to produce the specific industrial relations and dynamics of labor unrest in the Chinese automobile industry. It argues that the massive foreign investment in China's auto sector through joint ventures and the increased scale and concentration of automobile production have created and strengthened a new generation of autoworkers with growing workplace bargaining power and grievances. However, the acute contradictory pressures of simultaneously pursuing profitability and maintaining legitimacy with labor have driven large state-owned automakers and Sino-foreign joint ventures to follow a policy of labor force dualism, drawing boundaries between formal and temporary workers. While formal workers enjoy high wages, generous benefits, and relatively secure employment, temporary workers suffer comparatively low wages, unsecure employment, and heavier and dirtier job assignments. Temporary and other low-wage autoworkers have also become the main source of militancy in the auto industry.

scholarly journals Optimization of LTE Network Coverage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Yanbo
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Lte Network ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
High Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology ◽  
New Generation

The trend of mobile, broadband and IP is becoming more and more prominent. Mobile communication technology is now in acritical period in the evolution of network technology. As such, LTE (Long Term Evolution) comes to light. LTE serves as a unified standardfor the new generation of mobile communications, equipped with high spectral efficiency, high peak rate, high mobility, flat networkarchitecture and other advantages. Huawei has played a very important role in the commercialization of LTE. As a sponsor of NGMN,Huawei has been actively involved in the research of some key projects of NGMN, such as network self-optimization, system architectureand Network performance evaluation and so on. This paper mainly introduces the problems encountered in the optimization of LTEnetwork coverage, the practical problems encountered by the LTE project team in Qingdao and the analysis and solutions to the problems.At the same time, this paper discusses in detail on the LTE network optimization process.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPORTATION OF PROCESSED TIMBER MATERIALS BY VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSPORT AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-190
Author(s):  
Vadim Nikonov ◽  
Valerii Posmetev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Main Design ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Water Pipeline ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Current Stage

The article discusses the features of the transportation of timber by various types of transport currently used in the Russian Federation. The conditions for their application are given, taking into account the availability of the used transport routes, as well as the capabilities of the region. The main design features of these types of transport are described. The most important advantages of using road transport for hauling timber in comparison with land, water, pipeline and air transport are presented.

scholarly journals New Carbapenemase Inhibitors: Clearing the Way for the β-Lactams

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9308
Author(s):  
Juan C. Vázquez-Ucha ◽  
Jorge Arca-Suárez ◽  
Germán Bou ◽  
Alejandro Beceiro
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Class D ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Lactamase Inhibitor

Carbapenem resistance is a major global health problem that seriously compromises the treatment of infections caused by nosocomial pathogens. Resistance to carbapenems mainly occurs via the production of carbapenemases, such as VIM, IMP, NDM, KPC and OXA, among others. Preclinical and clinical trials are currently underway to test a new generation of promising inhibitors, together with the recently approved avibactam, relebactam and vaborbactam. This review summarizes the main, most promising carbapenemase inhibitors synthesized to date, as well as their spectrum of activity and current stage of development. We particularly focus on β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations that could potentially be used to treat infections caused by carbapenemase-producer pathogens of critical priority. The emergence of these new combinations represents a step forward in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, especially in regard to metallo-β-lactamases and carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamases, not currently inhibited by any clinically approved inhibitor.

Use of dimethyl ether as a motor fuel

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Functional Scheme ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
New Generation

The physicochemical and motor properties of dimethyl ether are analyzed. The design and functional features of a new generation of fuel equipment for supplying dimethyl ether are presented. A universal functional scheme of the DME supply system has been developed. The control system of modern gas diesel when working on DME is presented. The influence of DME on engine performance is shown. The influence of the DME injection advance angle on engine performance is shown. The indicators of emission of harmful substances when working on DME are given. An assessment of the technical, socioeconomic and environmental efficiency of dimethyl ether application in road transport is given. Keywords dimethyl ethe; gas-diesel equipmen; single-stage gas reducer-evaporator; dimethyl ether supply pump; electromagnetic nozzle; gas line; control system; dimethyl ether application efficiency

scholarly journals Is the hemolysis index always suitable for monitoring phlebotomy performance?

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Camilla Mattiuzzi ◽  
Janne Cadamuro
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Intravascular Hemolysis ◽  
H Index ◽  
Sample Quality ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
New Generation

Abstract The new generation of clinical chemistry and coagulation analyzers is equipped with technical features allowing a systematic check of sample quality, including an assessment of the so-called HIL (“hemolysis”, “icterus”, “lipemia”) indices. These measures enable an accurate and reproducible assessment of sample hemolysis in serum or plasma, hence the hemolysis index (H-index) is now also increasingly used for monitoring and benchmarking phlebotomy performance. Reliable evidence attests that intravascular hemolysis is not such a rare phenomenon, and its prevalence may be especially higher in geographical areas where congenital hemolytic diseases are endemic, as well as in healthcare settings where patients with acquired hemolytic disorders are more frequently visited or hospitalized. It is hence conceivable that monitoring phlebotomy performance based on the rate of hemolyzed specimens received by the laboratory may not be so straightforward, provided that specimens drawn from patients with intravascular hemolysis can be identified and excluded from the analysis. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of potential drawbacks in using the H-index alone for monitoring phlebotomy performance, and to offer potential solutions to improve its efficiency for this scope. We therefore suggest that the H-index may only be used for purposes of benchmarking phlebotomy performance when the overall number of diagnoses of hemolytic diseases or the haptoglobin values measured by the laboratories are comparable across different healthcare settings or geographic areas.

scholarly journals Advances in Automotive Conversion Coatings during Pretreatment of the Body Structure: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Doerre ◽  
Larry Hibbitts ◽  
Gabriela Patrick ◽  
Nelson Akafuah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Conversion Coatings ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Automobile Body ◽  
Body Design ◽  
New Generation

Automotive conversion coatings consist of layers of materials that are chemically applied to the body structures of vehicles before painting to improve corrosion protection and paint adhesion. These coatings are a consequence of surface-based chemical reactions and are sandwiched between paint layers and the base metal; the chemical reactions involved distinctly classify conversion coatings from other coating technologies. Although the tri-cationic conversion coating bath chemistry that was developed around the end of the 20th century remains persistent, environmental, health, and cost issues favor a new generation of greener methods and materials such as zirconium. Environmental forces driving lightweight material selection during automobile body design are possibly more influential for transitioning to zirconium than the concerns regarding the body coating process. The chemistry involved in some conversion coatings processing has been known for over 100 years. However, recent advances in chemical processing, changes in the components used for vehicle body structures, environmental considerations and costs have prompted the automobile industry to embrace new conversion coatings technologies. These are discussed herein along with a historical perspective that has led to the use of current conversion coatings technologies. In addition, future directions for automobile body conversion coatings are discussed that may affect conversion coatings in the age of multi-material body structures.

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