NRF2 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Induced gEECs by Inhibiting the Activation of the NF-κB

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays an anti-inflammatory role in several pathological processes, but its function in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced goat endometrial epithelial cells (gEECs) is still unknown. We designed a study to investigate the function of NRF2 in LPS-induced gEECs. LPS was found to increase the NRF2 expression and the nuclear abundance of NRF2 in gEECs in a dose-dependent manner. NRF2 knockout (KO) not only increased the expression of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) but also increased the expression of TLR4, p-IκBα/IκBα, and p-p65/p65 proteins. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that NRF2 directly binds to p65 in the nucleus and inhibits the binding of p65 to downstream target genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). Even though a NF-κB/p65 inhibitor (PDTC) reduced the LPS-induced NRF2 expression and nuclear abundance of NRF2, overexpressing TNF-α reversed the inhibitory effects of PDTC on the NRF2 expression and on its abundance in the nucleus. Similarly, knockdown of the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-8) significantly decreased the LPS-induced NRF2 expression and NRF2 in the nucleus. In conclusion, our data suggest that proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway promote the NRF2 expression and its translocation into the nucleus. Our work also suggests that NRF2 inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by directly binding to p65.

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A preferential p110α/γ PI3K inhibitor attenuates experimental inflammation by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators in a NF-κB-dependent manner

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00461.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (4) ◽

pp. C929-C941 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Nilesh M. Dagia ◽

Gautam Agarwal ◽

Divya V. Kamath ◽

Anshu Chetrapal-Kunwar ◽

Ravindra D. Gupte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Pi3k Inhibitor ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Pi3k Activation ◽

Experimental Inflammation ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Endothelial Cell Adhesion

A promising therapeutic approach to diminish pathological inflammation is to inhibit the increased production and/or biological activity of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6). The production of proinflammatory cytokines is controlled at the gene level by the activity of transcription factors, such as NF-κB. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a lipid kinase, is known to induce the activation of NF-κB. Given this, we hypothesized that inhibitors of PI3K activation would demonstrate anti-inflammatory potential. Accordingly, we studied the effects of a preferential p110α/γ PI3K inhibitor (compound 8C; PIK-75) in inflammation-based assays. Mechanism-based assays utilizing human cells revealed that PIK-75-mediated inhibition of PI3K activation is associated with dramatic suppression of downstream signaling events, including AKT phosphorylation, IKK activation, and NF-κB transcription. Cell-based assays revealed that PIK-75 potently and dose dependently inhibits in vitro and in vivo production of TNF-α and IL-6, diminishes the induced expression of human endothelial cell adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1), and blocks human monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Most importantly, PIK-75, when administered orally in a therapeutic regimen, significantly suppresses the macroscopic and histological abnormalities associated with dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis. The efficacy of PIK-75 in attenuating experimental inflammation is mediated, at least in part, due to the downregulation of pertinent inflammatory mediators in the colon. Collectively, these results provide first evidence that PIK-75 possesses anti-inflammatory potential. Given that PIK-75 is known to exhibit anti-cancer activity, the findings from this study thus reinforce the cross-therapeutic functionality of potential drugs.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Moxifloxacin with and without Anti Toll-Like Receptors and Protein-Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitors in Human Monocytes Stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.4217.4217 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 4217-4217

Author(s):

Ina Fabian ◽

Avital Levitov ◽

Debby Haite ◽

Drora Halperin ◽

Jacob Romano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Aspergillosis ◽

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Autologous Serum ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Protein Tyrosine ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Cytokines Secretion

Abstract Invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. Studies have shown that conidia from Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines from leukocytes and provoke an inflammatory response. Although cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8 are critical for optimal host defenses, in some patients with invasive aspergillosis such as patients with neutropenia or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, limiting the immune response by decreasing cytokine release could prove beneficial. We have shown that the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin (MXF) conferred protective anti-inflammatory effects in a murine model of Candida pneumonia in immune suppressed animals (AAC46: 2442, 2002). In the present study, we investigated the effect of MXF on cytokine response and signal transduction mechanisms in human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMN) of healthy individuals stimulated with conidia of AF. PBMN incubated with 2% autologous serum were stimulated for 6 h with AF (1.5x106/ml) and cytokine secretion was measured with and without the addition of MXF. Secretion of IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α was significantly enhanced by AF (4.3, 8.2 and 7-fold respectively), while MXF (5–20μg/ml) inhibited the cytokines secretion in a dose dependent manner up to 46%, 72% and 73% respectively (p<0.05). Recognition of invading microorganisms by the innate immune system is a first step in their successful elimination. In the mouse, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 were found to be essential for AF-induced activation of macrophages while conflicting data have been published regarding human macrophages. We treated PBMN with blocking antibodies (Ab) directed against TLR2 and TLR4 and found that both TLRs are involved in cellular sensing of AF. Blocking of PBMN with a combination of anti-TLR2 and 4 Ab before exposure to AF resulted in 42%, 46% and 61% decrease in IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α, secretion, respectively. Pre-incubation of the cells with MXF (20 μg/ml) and the combined anti-TLR2 and 4 Ab resulted in an additional decrease in the cytokines secretion up to 60%, 68% and 80%, respectively. Previous studies have implicated activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in LPS-induced NFkB activation and TNF-α production. In-vitro studies performed previously by us showed that MXF inhibits NFkB and MAPK activation and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in activated human monocytic cells (AAC48:1974, 2004). In the present study we stimulated PBMN with AF, with and without the PTK inhibitor, genistein (Gen) in the presence and absence of MXF. Gen (5–40 μM) inhibited in a dose dependent manner IL-8 secretion up to 25%. Pre-incubation of PBMN with MXF (20 μg/ml) and Gen resulted in an additional decrease in IL-8 secretion up to 49%. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of MXF in AF-stimulated PBMN does not signal via TLR2 or TLR4, nor via PTK. Further studies in invasive aspergillosis models are needed to evaluate the importance of these immunomodulatory effects.

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Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Hexane Extract of Mud Lobster (Thalassina anomala) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Tropical Life Sciences Research ◽

10.21315/tlsr2021.32.1.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 143-160

Author(s):

Nur Nadiah Zakaria ◽

◽

Masnindah Malahubban ◽

Sharida Fakurazi ◽

Sie Chuong Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Mud lobsters are crustaceans from the genus Thalassina which are lesser known and seldom seen but are nevertheless an important organism to the mangrove ecosystem. In Malaysia and Thailand, mud lobsters are eaten by locals as treatment for asthma. It is traditionally believed that they are effective in reducing the number of asthma attacks and severity of asthma symptoms. However, the therapeutic potential of mud lobster extract remains unclear and has not been fully elucidated or reported in any scientific study. The objectives of this study are to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of mud lobster, Thalassina anomala extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and to identify the potential bioactive compounds involved. An MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of the T. anomala extracts on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitrite quantification assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to investigate the ability of the T. anomala extracts to suppress the secretion and expression of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. GC-MS analysis was done to identify putative metabolites. The hexane extract of T. anomala showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibiting the LPS-induced production of NO, PGE2, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in a concentration-dependent manner. Hexane extract treatment with 100 μg/mL has decreased the NO secretion into 37 μM. Meanwhile, hexane extract at concentration of 100 μg/mL able to significantly suppressed PGE2,TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production into 2015 pg/mL, 2406 pg/mL, 460 pg/mL and 9.6 pg/mL, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed the presence of 19 putative compounds. The identified compounds were reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These results suggest that the hexane extract of T. anomala potentially has anti-inflammatory properties and concentration dependently suppressed NO, PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokines’ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The findings provide a rational basis of the traditional use of mud lobster for inflammation-associated ailments.

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Bioactivity-Guided Extract Optimization of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Leaves and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phillyrin

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1545

Author(s):

Hwa-Young Song ◽

Da-Eun Jeong ◽

Mina Lee

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Osmanthus Fragrans ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Extracellular Regulated Kinase

The aim of this study was to identify the optimal extraction conditions for leaves of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus. Inhibitory effects of various extracts on NO production were compared. Antioxidant evaluations for total phenol and flavonoid contents were carried out using various extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves obtained under optimal extraction conditions that showed the greatest effect on NO production. The optimal method for extracting O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves resulted in an extract named OP OFLE. OP OFLE showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Phillyrin (PH) was isolated as a major compound from OP OFLE by HPLC/DAD analysis. OP OFLE and PH reduced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and HT-29 cells. To determine the signal pathway involved in the inhibition of NO production, a Western blot analysis was performed. Results showed that OP OFLE decreased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2 and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Our results suggest that extracts of O. fragrans var. aurantiacus leaves and its major components have biological activities such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Accumulation of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by Gingival Fibroblasts

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910608500511 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 85 (5) ◽

pp. 452-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.M. Zavarella ◽

O. Gbemi ◽

J.D. Walters

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Inflammatory Mediator ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Gingival Fibroblasts ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Steady State Levels ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to manage pain and inflammatory disorders. We hypothesized that gingival fibroblasts actively accumulate NSAIDs and enhance their levels in gingival connective tissue. Using fluorescence to monitor NSAID transport, we demonstrated that cultured gingival fibroblasts transport naproxen in a saturable, temperature-dependent manner with a Km of 127 μg/mL and a Vmax of 1.42 ng/min/μg protein. At steady state, the intracellular/extracellular concentration ratio was 1.9 for naproxen and 7.2 for ibuprofen. Naproxen transport was most efficient at neutral pH and was significantly enhanced upon cell treatment with TNF-α. In humans, systemically administered naproxen attained steady-state levels of 61.9 μg/mL in blood and 9.4 μg/g in healthy gingival connective tissue, while ibuprofen attained levels of 2.3 μg/mL and 1.5 μg/g, respectively. Thus, gingival fibroblasts possess transporters for NSAIDs that are up-regulated by an inflammatory mediator, but there is no evidence that they contribute to elevated NSAID levels in healthy gingiva.

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Upregulation of Nrf2 expression by human cytomegalovirus infection protects host cells from oxidative stress

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.052142-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 (7) ◽

pp. 1658-1668 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Junsub Lee ◽

Kyungmi Koh ◽

Young-Eui Kim ◽

Jin-Hyun Ahn ◽

Sunyoung Kim

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Human Cytomegalovirus ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Buthionine Sulfoximine ◽

Host Cells ◽

Related Factor ◽

Downstream Target ◽

Human Foreskin Fibroblasts ◽

Cellular Defence ◽

Nrf2 Expression

NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a key role(s) in cellular defence against oxidative stress. In this study, we showed that the expression of Nrf2 was upregulated in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), following human cytomegalovirus (HCMV/HHV-5) infection. The expression of haem oxygenase-1, a downstream target of Nrf2, was also increased by HCMV infection, and this induction was suppressed in HFFs expressing a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) against Nrf2. The HCMV-mediated increase in Nrf2 expression was abolished when UV-irradiated virus was used or when the activity of casein kinase 2 was inhibited. Host cells infected by HCMV had higher survival rates following oxidative stress induced by buthionine sulfoximine compared with uninfected control cells, but this cell-protective effect was abolished by the use of Nrf2 shRNA. Our results suggest that HCMV-mediated activation of Nrf2 might be beneficial to the virus by increasing the host cell’s ability to cope with oxidative stress resulting from viral infection and/or inflammation.

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Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Properties of Ethanolic Mint Extracts from Algeria on 7-Ketocholesterol-Treated Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox7120184 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 184 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fatiha Brahmi ◽

Thomas Nury ◽

Meryam Debbabi ◽

Samia Hadj-Ahmed ◽

Amira Zarrouk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Cytokine Secretion ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The present study consisted in evaluating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extracts from three mint species (Mentha spicata L. (MS), Mentha pulegium L. (MP) and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds (MR)) with biochemical methods on murine RAW 264.7 macrophages (a transformed macrophage cell line isolated from ascites of BALB/c mice infected by the Abelson leukemia virus). The total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents were determined with spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activities were quantified with the Kit Radicaux Libres (KRLTM), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The MS extract showed the highest total phenolic content, and the highest antioxidant capacity, while the MR extract showed the lowest total phenolic content and the lowest antioxidant capacity. The cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were quantified on murine RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 7-ketocholesterol (7KC; 20 µg/mL: 50 µM) associated or not for 24 h and 48 h with ethanolic mint extracts used at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL). Under treatment with 7KC, an important inhibition of cell growth was revealed with the crystal violet test. This side effect was strongly attenuated in a dose dependent manner with the different ethanolic mint extracts, mainly at 48 h. The most important cytoprotective effect was observed with the MS extract. In addition, the effects of ethanolic mint extracts on cytokine secretion (Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, Interferon (IFN)-ϒ, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) were determined at 24 h on lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.2 µg/mL)-, 7KC (20 µg/mL)- and (7KC + LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Complex effects of mint extracts were observed on cytokine secretion. However, comparatively to LPS-treated cells, all the extracts strongly reduce IL-6 secretion and two of them (MP and MR) also decrease MCP-1 and TNF-α secretion. However, no anti-inflammatory effects were observed on 7KC- and (7KC + LPS)-treated cells. Altogether, these data bring new evidences on the potential benefits (especially antioxidant and cytoprotective properties) of Algerian mint on human health.

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Protective Effect of Phillyrin on Lethal LPS-Induced Neutrophil Inflammation in Zebrafish

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000484192 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 2074-2087 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Liling Yang ◽

Xiangjun Zhou ◽

Weijuan Huang ◽

Qin Fang ◽

Jianlan Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signalling Pathway ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Zebrafish Model ◽

Lps Challenge ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Forsythia Suspensa ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background/Aims: Forsythia suspensa Vahl. (Oleaceae) fruits are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat pneumonia, typhoid, dysentery, ulcers and oedema. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities have been reported for phillyrin (PHN), the main ingredient in Forsythia suspensa Vahl fruits, in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms in vivo remain poorly defined. In this study, we discovered that PHN exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects in lethal LPS-induced neutrophil inflammation by suppressing the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway in zebrafish. Methods: LPS-yolk microinjection was used to induce a lethal LPS-infected zebrafish model. The effect of PHN on the survival of zebrafish challenged with lethal LPS was evaluated using survival analysis. The effect of PHN on neutrophil inflammation grading in vivo was assessed by tracking neutrophils with a transgenic line. The effects of PHN on neutrophil production and migration were analysed by SB+ cell counts during consecutive hours after modelling. Additionally, key cytokines and members of the MyD88 signalling pathway that are involved in inflammatory response were detected using quantitative RT-PCR. To assess gene expression changes during consecutive hours after modelling, the IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MyD88, TRIF, ERK1/2, JNK, IκBa and NF-κB expression levels were measured. Results: PHN could protect zebrafish against a lethal LPS challenge in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by decreased neutrophil infltration, reduced tissue necrosis and increased survival rates. Up-regulated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression also showed the same tendencies of depression by PHN. Critically, PHN significantly inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MyD88, IκBa, and NF-κB but did not affect the expression of ERK1/2 MAPKs or JNK MAPKs in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Additionally, PHN regulated the MyD88/IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway by controlling IκBα, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression. Conclusion: This study provides a rationale for the clinical application of PHN as an anti-inflammatory agent.

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fMLP induces Hsp27 expression, attenuates NF-κB activation, and confers intestinal epithelial cell protection

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00417.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (4) ◽

pp. G1070-G1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ryan M. Carlson ◽

Stephan R. Vavricka ◽

Jyrki J. Eloranta ◽

Mark W. Musch ◽

Donna L. Arvans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cell ◽

Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽

Target Genes ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Epithelial Cell Line ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Cell Protection ◽

Hsp27 Expression ◽

Tnf Α

Sustained expression of cytoprotective intestinal epithelial heat shock proteins (Hsps), particularly Hsp27, depends on stimuli derived from bacterial flora. In this study, we examined the role of the bacterial chemotactic peptide fMLP in stimulating colonic epithelial Hsp expression at concentrations encountered in a physiological milieu. Treatment of the polarized human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2bbe with physiological concentrations of fMLP (10–100 nM) induced expression of Hsp27, but not Hsp72, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Induction of Hsp27 by fMLP was specific since the fMLP analogs MRP and MLP were not effective. Hsp27 induction by fMLP was blocked by the fMLP-receptor antagonist BOC-FLFLF and was blocked when the dipeptide transporter PepT1, an entry pathway for fMLP, was silenced. fMLP activated both the p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathways in Caco2bbe cells, but not the SAPK/JNK pathway. The p38 inhibitor SB203580, but not the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059, blocked Hsp27 induction by fMLP. fMLP treatment inhibited actin depolymerization and decreased transepithelial resistance caused by the oxidant monochloramine, and this inhibition was reversed by silencing Hsp27 expression. fMLP pretreatment also inhibited activation of proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB by TNF-α in Caco2bbe cells, reducing induction of NF-κB target genes by TNF-α both in human intestinal biopsies and Caco2bbe cells. In conclusion, fMLP may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by mediating physiological expression of Hsp27, enhancing cellular protection, and negatively regulating the inflammatory response.

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Anti-inflammatory and Matrix Metallopeptidase-1-Inhibitory Effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. Seed Extract on Particulate Matter-induced Skin

Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology ◽

10.20402/ajbc.2021.0183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 355-363

Author(s):

Jung-Wook Kang ◽

In-Chul Lee

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

No Production ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Cassia Obtusifolia ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Matrix Metallopeptidase ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Cassia obtusifolia L. seed extract (CSE) on particulate matter (PM)-induced skin.Methods: The effects of CSE on cell viability were evaluated using a skin cell line. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects and matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1)-inhibitory effects of CSE on PM-induced skin, NO and MMP-1 expressions were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Also, the effects of CSE was investigated the induction of IL-8 and TNF-α treated PM on reconstructed human full thickness skin models.Results: It was observed that CSE decreased NO production in PM-induced RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. In addition, CSE decreased the expression of MMP-1 in PM-induced cells in a dose-dependent manner. CSE decreased IL-8 and TNF-α production in a PM-reconstructed human skin model.Conclusion: These results indicate that CSE could be used as a cosmetic material to induce anti-inflammation and inhibition of MMP-1 in PM-induced skin.

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