Analysis of Selected Earth-Space Rain Attenuation Models for a Tropical Station

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. O. Yussuff
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Earth Space ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Attenuation Models

The restrained use of millimeter bands is due to severe rain attenuation. Attenuation is caused when rain cells intersects radio wave’s propagation path; resulting in deep fades. The effect of rainfall is more severe in tropical regions characterized by heavy rainfall intensity and large raindrops; hence, rain attenuation analyses are essential to study rain fade characteristics for use in earth-space link budget analysis, for outage prediction resulting from rain attenuation. Tropical regions are particularly challenged with signal outage, necessitating the formulation and development of suitable prediction model(s) for the region. Therefore, extensive knowledge of the propagation phenomena mitigating system availability and signal quality in these bands are required. Daily rainfall data were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Services for Lagos for spanning January to December 2010. Results showed that although, the ITU-R model out-performed the other prediction models under consideration, none of prediction models matched the measurement data.

scholarly journals A Survey of Rain Fade Models for Earth–Space Telecommunication Links—Taxonomy, Methods,and Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965
Author(s):  
Md Abdus Samad ◽  
Feyisa Debo Diba ◽  
Dong-You Choi
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Earth Space ◽  
Propagation Modeling ◽  
Attenuation Models

Satellite communication is a promising transmission technique to implement 5G and beyond networks. Attenuation due to rain begins at a frequency of 10 GHz in temperate regions. However, some research indicates that such attenuation effects start from 5–7 GHz, especially in tropical regions. Therefore, modeling rain attenuation is significant for propagating electromagnetic waves to achieve the required quality of service. In this survey, different slant link rain attenuation prediction models have been examined, classified, and analyzed, and various features like improvements, drawbacks, and particular aspects of these models have been tabulated. This survey provides various techniques for obtaining input data sets, including rain height, efficient trajectory length measurement techniques, and rainfall rate conversion procedures. No survey of the Earth–space link models for rain attenuation is available to the best of our knowledge. In this study, 23 rain attenuation models have been investigated. For easy readability and conciseness, the details of each model have not been included. The comparative analysis will assist in propagation modeling and planning the link budget of slant links.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of some rain attenuation prediction models at coastal locations at 12 and 40 GHz

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Abayomi Isiaka O. Yussuff ◽  
◽  
Kabir Momoh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Rate ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Attenuation Models ◽  
The Tropics

This work concerns the evaluation of the performances of some selected rain attenuation models at two different locations in Lagos, Nigeria at 12 and 40 GHz. Scarcity of rainfall data in the tropical regions resulted in abysmal research efforts into the causes and solutions to satellite signal outages, this was further exacerbated by the convective tropical rain precipitations. The globally adopted ITU-R model, had been declared unsuitable for predicting rain attenuation in the tropics by several researchers in the literature. Two-year (January 2016 to December 2017) local rainfall data were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Services (NIMET) for two coastal stations (Ikeja and Oshodi). Rain attenuation exceeded for rain rate at 0.01% of the time, was computed after the 1-hour rain rate integration time which was sourced from NIMET was converted to 1-minute integration time. Attenuation exceeded for other percentages of time were also obtained using statistical interpolation and extrapolation methods. The collected data were tested with ITU-R, SST, SAM, DAH and Silva Mello et al. For Ikeja at 12 GHz, the SST was observed to closely match the measurement attenuation at 0.01%≤p≤1% of time exceeded; closely followed by Silver Mello. For Oshodi also at 12 GHz, SST intersected with the measured attenuation at 0.01%≤p≤0.03%, and p=0.1% of time. However, at 40 GHz, all the prediction models performed poorly by underestimating the measurement for Ikeja, although SST showed the best effort. The SST model matched the measurement, especially at p=0.03% and p=0.5% for Oshodi at 40 GHz, closely followed by Silva Mello which matched the measurement at p=0.05% and p=0.1%, while ITU-R, SAM and DAH largely underestimated the measurement. The SST was therefore affirmed the overall best performed rain attenuation prediction model for both stations at both frequency bands; closely followed by the Silva Mello. ITU-R, SAM and DAH on the other hand performed poorly. The findings arising from this work could present useful information to satellite equipment designers and manufacturers, while at the same time ensuring that service providers conform to the required service level agreements

Investigation of HAPs Propagation Channel for Wireless Access in a Tropical Region at Ka-Band

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Felix Obite ◽  
Jafri Din ◽  
Kamaludin Mohammad Yusof ◽  
Basliza M. Noor
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Wireless Access ◽  
Rician Fading ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Propagation Channel ◽  
Ka Band ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Budget Analysis

<p>In the last few years, High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) have attracted considerable effort due to their ability to exploit the advantages of satellite and terrestrial-based systems. Rain attenuation is the most dominant atmospheric impairment, especially at such frequency band. This paper addresses the modelling of rain attenuation and describes a propagation channel model for HAPs at Ka-band to provide efficient and robust wireless access for tropical regions. The attenuation due to rain is modeled based on three years measured data for Johor Bahru to estimate the actual effect of rain on signals at Ka band. The radio propagation channel is usually characterized as a random multipath channel. Specifically, a statistical derivation of probability distribution function for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are presented. The model consists of multiple path scattering effects, time dispersion, and Doppler shifts acting on the HAPs communication link. Simulation results represent the fading signal level variations. Results show perfect agreement between simulation and theoretical, thereby conforming to the multipath structures. The information obtained will be useful to system engineers for HAPs link budget analysis in order to obtain the required fade margin for optimal system performance in tropical regions.</p>

scholarly journals Analytical Approach to Critical Diameters in Raindrop Size Distribution in Durban, South Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Oluwumi Adetan ◽  
Olumuyiwa Oludare Fagbohun
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Rainfall Attenuation

Adequate information of the raindrop size distribution is very significant for the prediction and evaluation of attenuation signal due to rain. In this study, an analytical approach is adopted to determine the peak diameter  where the specific rain attenuation is maxima in Durban (29º52'S, 30º58'E), South Africa; using the spherical raindrop shape at temperature T = 20ºC. The overall rainfall attenuation is computed by integrating over all the drop sizes and determine the differential change in the attenuation as observed over a fixed diameter interval, (= 0.1 mm). The critical diameters are the range of diameters where the rain attenuation is highly predominant, which constitutes the surface area under the curve and along the abscissa regions. The critical diameters are seen to coalesce around the peak diameter, at which the maximum attenuation occurs. The maximum specific rain attenuation peaks at the diameter It was observed that the peak diameter is frequency dependent while the parameters, µ, the mean and σ the standard deviation which determines the width of the distribution are found to be region-dependent. The peak attenuation for the stratiform rainfall type varies between 0.8 ≤ D ≤ 1.5 mm whereas for the convective rainfall, the specific rain attenuation peaks between 1.4 ≤ D ≤ 2.7 mm at all frequencies. A proper knowledge of the rainfall attenuation characteristics is useful for proper planning and for the purpose of link budget analysis by operators in this particular region.

scholarly journals A Survey of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models for Terrestrial Links—Current Research Challenges and State-of-the-Art

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1207
Author(s):  
Md Abdus Samad ◽  
Feyisa Debo Diba ◽  
Dong-You Choi
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Error Performance ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Input Dataset ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Attenuation Models ◽  
Proper Operation ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Millimeter-wave (30–300 GHz) frequency is a promising candidate for 5G and beyond wireless networks, but atmospheric elements limit radio links at this frequency band. Rainfall is the significant atmospheric element that causes attenuation in the propagated wave, which needs to estimate for the proper operation of fade mitigation technique (FMT). Many models have been proposed in the literature to estimate rain attenuation. Various models have a distinct set of input parameters along with separate estimation mechanisms. This survey has garnered multiple techniques that can generate input dataset for the rain attenuation models. This study extensively investigates the existing terrestrial rain attenuation models. There is no survey of terrestrial rain mitigation models to the best of our knowledge. In this article, the requirements of this survey are first discussed, with various dataset developing techniques. The terrestrial links models are classified, and subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analyses among these terrestrial rain attenuation models are tabulated. Also, a set of error performance evaluation techniques is introduced. Moreover, there is a discussion of open research problems and challenges, especially the exigency for developing a rain attenuation model for the short-ranged link in the E-band for 5G and beyond networks.

scholarly journals Link Budget Analysis in Designing a Web-application Tool for Military X-Band Satellite Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
M. Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
S. M. Sadakatul Bari ◽  
Syed Akhter Hossain ◽  
Md. Mahbubur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Web Tools ◽  
X Band ◽  
Link Budget

In satellite communication, Link Budget analysis is the most important part to determine gains and losses of signals from the transmitter to the receiver. Most importantly, it investigates system performance and optimum power which must be received at the receiver channel. In some cases, this information could be generated, saved for past data analysis, and share with peer users which are not found in existing web tools. Thus, it is obvious to design a new Link Budget calculator with users, database, and data retrieval support. This work focuses on designing a Link Budget web tool for X-band satellite communication through literature study and comparative analysis. The X-Band calculator is designed based on HTML, PHP, Javascript, and MySQL by ensuring several security issues, and can be accessed through mobile devices. This paper also focuses on the necessary equations of Link Budget for Uplink (Tx); Satellite; Downlink (Rx); Azimuth, Elevation, Distance analysis; and Rain attenuation. Though, comparative assessments among various web tools show some fluctuations, overall outputs show satisfactory results with small % of Errors (PoE) ensuring reliability and viability of the proposed X-Band tool for practical use.

scholarly journals Link Budget Analysis for 5G Communication in the Tropical Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Trilochan Patra ◽  
Swarup Kumar Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mimo System ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
5G Communication

In the tropical regions, when a signal is transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver, the signal gets highly attenuated because of heavy rainfall. By using different diversity techniques, this signal attenuation is minimized. The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is an antenna diversity technique, and in this paper, this technique has been applied to the proposed communication link model designed for 5G communication in the tropical regions. Here, a proposed link budget has been set down to enhance the signal power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. In this paper, an experimental data sheet has also been adopted to achieve the desired result of the proposed link budget. In fine, a comparison of assumption values of the proposed link budget with practical values obtained from the experimental data sheet has been displayed in the result analysis part.

scholarly journals Investigation into Rain Attenuation Prediction Models at Locations in Lagos Using Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunke G. Darley ◽  
Abayomi I. Yussuff ◽  
Adetokunbo A. Adenowo
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Victoria Island

This paper investigated the performances of some rain attenuation prediction models at some GSM network locations in Lagos, Nigeria, using remote sensing at Ku band. Remote sensing is a collection and interpretation of information about an object without physical contact with the object being measured. Three popular terrestrial prediction models were considered in this work. These are ITU-R P.530-17, Lin and Silva Mello Models. Ten years (2010-2019) annual rainfall data with hourly integration time were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and link budgets for three microwave links (Tarzan Yard, Kofo Abayomi and GLO Shop) in Victoria Island at 18 GHz were obtained from Global Communications Limited (GLO), Nigeria. Data analysis and comparison of the microwave links rainfall estimates were carried out to identify the most suitable of the three models at the selected locations of interest. Measurement data obtained from both NIMET and GLO were used to validate the predicted attenuation data from the three selected models. The ITU-R P.530-17 prediction model overestimated the measurement at Tarzan Yard; closely followed by Silva Mello, while Lin underestimated the measured data.  Again, at Kofo Abayomi station, the ITU-R model overestimated the measurement, while both Silva Mello and Lin models underestimated the measurement. At the GLO Shop, the Silva Mello overestimated the measured value, while ITU-R and Lin underestimated the measurement. At 0.01% of time exceeded, NIMET measurement was higher (at 48.2 dB) than that of Tarzan Yard, Kofo Abayomi and GLO shop (43.1, 46.3 and 37.0 dB respectively). These results will provide useful information in mitigating signal outages due to rain for mobile communication systems. Keywords- Path attenuation, Prediction models, Rainfall rate, Terrestrial microwave links, Tropical region

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