Update on selective treatments targeting neutrophilic inflammation in atherogenesis and atherothrombosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (04) ◽  
pp. 634-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luíza Gomes Quinderé ◽  
Norma Maria Barros Benevides ◽  
Federico Carbone ◽  
François Mach ◽  
Nicolas Vuilleumier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Process ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Plaque Vulnerability ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Atherosclerotic Burden ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
Therapeutic Perspective

SummaryAtherosclerosis is the most common pathological process underlying cardiovascular diseases. Current therapies are largely focused on alleviating hyperlipidaemia and preventing thrombotic complications, but do not completely eliminate risk of suffering recurrent acute ischaemic events. Specifically targeting the inflammatory processes may help to reduce this residual risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in atherosclerotic patients. The involvement of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is an emerging field, where evidence for their causal contribution during various stages of atherosclerosis is accumulating. Therefore, the identification of neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target may offer new therapeutic perspective to reduce the current atherosclerotic burden. This narrative review highlights the expanding role of neutrophils in atherogenesis and discusses on the potential treatment targeting neutrophil-related inflammation and associated atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Eric J. Yang ◽  
Sahil Sekhon ◽  
Kristen M. Beck ◽  
Isabelle M. Sanchez ◽  
Tina Bhutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Treatments for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have progressed at a rapid rate over the past 20 years, but treating patients with recalcitrant disease still remains a difficult task. Current therapies for these diseases involve topical agents, phototherapy, and systemic immunosuppression. However, the role of the nervous system in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis remains largely unexplored. Recent animal studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation can decrease inflammatory processes in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we outline the existing knowledge of the nervous system’s role in chronic inflammatory disease and discuss how these findings could be utilized in the future for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Evidence on the pathogenic role of auto-antibodies in acute cardiovascular diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (05) ◽  
pp. 854-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Carbone ◽  
Alessio Nencioni ◽  
François Mach ◽  
Nicolas Vuilleumier ◽  
Fabrizio Montecucco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Plaque Vulnerability ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Circulating Autoantibodies

SummaryAtherothrombosis is the major determinant of acute ischaemic cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Inflammatory processes have been linked to all phases of atherogenesis In particular, the identification of autoimmunity mediators in the complex microenvironment of chronic inflammation has become the focus of attention in both early and advanced atherogenic processes. Autoantibodies against self-molecules or new epitopes generated by oxidative processes infiltrate atherosclerotic plaques and were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells by binding various types of receptors. However, despite mounting evidence for a pathophysiological role of autoantibodies in atherothrombosis, the clinical relevance for circulating autoantibodies in cardiovascular outcomes is still debated. This review aims at illustrating the mechanisms by which different types of autoantibodies might either promote or repress atherothrombosis and to discuss the clinical studies assessing the role of auto-antibodies as prognostic biomarkers of plaque vulnerability.

Ketogenic Diet and PPARgamma

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Simeone
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Transcription Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Brain

The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective therapy for many patients with refractory epilepsy. It engages a wide array of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes and improves mitochondrial function, which is thought to underlie its neuroprotective, antiseizure, and disease-modifying effects. Potential roles of ketone bodies in these mechanisms are discussed elsewhere in this volume. This chapter focuses on the role of KD fatty acids as potential ligands for the nutritionally regulated nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). PPARgamma regulates many of the pathways identified in the mechanism of the KD and, in recent years, has become a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter reviews what is known concerning PPARgamma in the brain, the evidence that PPARgamma has neuroprotective and antiseizure properties, and the evidence suggesting that PPARgamma may be involved in the antiseizure mechanisms of the ketogenic diet.

scholarly journals Role of Lactate in Inflammatory Processes: Friend or Foe

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Manosalva ◽  
John Quiroga ◽  
Alejandra I. Hidalgo ◽  
Pablo Alarcón ◽  
Nicolás Anseoleaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Inflammatory Mediator ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Extracellular Acidification ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Transcription Factor Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
G Protein Coupled

During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is largely attributed to the presence of lactate by an increase in glycolysis. In recent years, evidence has accumulated describing the role of lactate in inflammatory processes; however, there are differences as to whether lactate can currently be considered a pro- or anti-inflammatory mediator. Herein, we review these recent advances on the pleiotropic effects of lactate on the inflammatory process. Taken together, the evidence suggests that lactate could exert differential effects depending on the metabolic status, cell type in which the effects of lactate are studied, and the pathological process analyzed. Additionally, various targets, including post-translational modifications, G-protein coupled receptor and transcription factor activation such as NF-κB and HIF-1, allow lactate to modulate signaling pathways that control the expression of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and several enzymes associated with immune response and metabolism. Altogether, this would explain its varied effects on inflammatory processes beyond its well-known role as a waste product of metabolism.

scholarly journals Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Janeiro ◽  
María Ramírez ◽  
Fermin Milagro ◽  
J. Martínez ◽  
Maite Solas
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Monooxygenase Activity ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a molecule generated from choline, betaine, and carnitine via gut microbial metabolism. The plasma level of TMAO is determined by several factors including diet, gut microbial flora, drug administration and liver flavin monooxygenase activity. In humans, recent clinical studies evidence a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. A direct correlation between increased TMAO levels and neurological disorders has been also hypothesized. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored to reduce TMAO levels, including use of oral broad spectrum antibiotics, promoting the growth of bacteria that use TMAO as substrate and the development of target-specific molecules. Despite the accumulating evidence, it is questioned whether TMAO is the mediator of a bystander in the disease process. Thus, it is important to undertake studies to establish the role of TMAO in human health and disease. In this article, we reviewed dietary sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO, as well as screened the studies suggesting possible involvement of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and neurological disorders, underlying the importance of TMAO mediating inflammatory processes. Finally, the potential utility of TMAO as therapeutic target is also analyzed.

scholarly journals The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Malignant Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheniz Yuzeir ◽  
Liana Gercheva
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
Clinically Significant

It was recently proved that neutrophils and platelets are active participants in some inflammatory processes as well as a number of pathological conditions, including neoplastic diseases and thrombosis. It has been found that circulating neutrophils actively affect the mechanisms of tumour genesis, and along with platelets, act as independent regulators of different complications in infectious and malignant diseases. A few years ago, it was found that neutrophils have the ability to release extracellular traps (called neutrophil extracellular traps or NETs). Thus, neutrophils use both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms to limit inflammatory complications. Several recent studies confirmed that NETs increase considerably in malignant diseases, demonstrating that tumour-induced NETosis is a clinically significant process. It is recognised as an element of tumour biology, as it participates in tumour progression and angiogenesis. Neutrophils and the NETs released from them are stimulators of thrombotic processes in physiological and pathological conditions. Several reports demonstrate the connection between NETs and thrombosis. The presence of NETosis serves as a potential risk factor for thrombotic complications in malignant diseases. This chapter summarises the current knowledge of NETosis and the mechanisms that lead to the formation of NETs, including the role of circulating platelet–neutrophil complexes as regulators of tumour-induced NETosis in malignant diseases.

The role of indicators of connective tissue metabolism in morpho-biochemical screening of purulent-inflammatory processes in cats

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
D. A. Stuzhuk ◽  
◽  
V. I. Izdepsky ◽  
P. A. Rudenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Biochemical Screening ◽  
Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Connective Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Late Stages

The article presents data on the role of indicators of connective tissue metabolism in morphobiochemical screening of purulent-inflammatory processes in cats. It was found that the acute purulent-inflammatory process in cats proceeds with significant shifts in clinical, morphological and biochemical blood parameters. With inflammation in cats, the level of sialic acids, the content of hexoses associated with proteins and the redistribution of their fractions in the blood serum at the late stages of the pathological process increases in the direction of increasing the hexoses of glycoproteins. It is shown that the determination of indicators of connective tissue metabolism during morpho-biochemical screening of purulent-inflammatory processes of surgical profile in cats will improve the diagnosis, determination of the severity of the course, prediction of the outcome and existing methods of their treatment.

Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Freer ◽  
Fabrizio Maggi ◽  
Mauro Pistello
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Immune Defences

Background:The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens.Objective:This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.Method:We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome.Results:A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism.Conclusion:The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document