Abstract P239: Diet Modifies Cardiometabolic Effects Of DOCA-salt In C57BL/6J Mice

The deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt model of hypertension is widely used to investigate the neurohormonal regulation of blood pressure. We investigated the modulatory effect of three common “chow” diets upon cardiometabolic consequences of DOCA-salt treatment in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice (6 wks of age) were randomly assigned to 5L0D (LabDiet 67138, 4.0 g Na/kg), a Soy-free extruded diet (Envigo 2920, 1.5 g Na/kg), or an NIH-31 modified open formula diet (Teklad 7913, 3.1 g Na/kg) and provided with autoclaved deionized water for 3 weeks (n=16/diet). At 9 weeks of age (ie, before DOCA-salt), intake behaviors and energy flux were assessed using metabolic caging and bomb calorimetry. Before DOCA-salt, body mass, digestive efficiency, energy efficiency, total sodium intake, urine volumes, and apparent sodium & potassium retentions (ie, ingested-urine loss) were significantly modified by diet (p<0.05), but calories absorbed per day was not. Mice (n=8/diet) were then implanted with a DOCA pellet (50mg, sc) and provided 0.15 M NaCl as an additional drink option, or underwent sham surgery (n=8/diet). At 12 weeks of age (ie, after DOCA-salt), intake behaviors and energy flux were again assessed before tissue harvest. After DOCA-salt, body mass, energy efficiency, total sodium intake, urine volume, apparent sodium retention, and renal renin mRNA were significantly affected by a diet x DOCA-salt interaction (p<0.05). In contrast, digestive efficiency and apparent potassium retention were modified by diet (p<0.05), and calories absorbed per day, plasma sodium, and plasma potassium were affected by main effects of diet (p<0.05) and DOCA-salt (p<0.05), but these endpoints were not modified by a diet x DOCA-salt interaction. Combined with analyses of tissue masses, expression of various renal electrolyte transporters, blood chemistries, and urinalyses, these many endpoints highlight a multitude of cardiometabolic outcomes of the DOCA-salt model that are sensitive to environmental contexts such as diet. Ongoing work is investigating the modulatory effect of diet upon increases in total body sodium retention and blood pressure induced by DOCA-salt treatment, and roles for varied sodium vs protein contents of the diets in these effects.

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Sodium Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis

Blood Purification ◽

10.1159/000502678 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1-2) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Zorica Kauric-Klein

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Care Providers ◽

And Behaviors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Total Sodium

Introduction: There is a clear relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HEMO). To date, there are few studies that assess sodium knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors in patients on chronic HEMO. The purpose of this research study was to determine sodium knowledge, beliefs and behaviors in patients on chronic HEMO. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted using an investigator developed online sodium knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors survey. Participants were recruited via nephrology social media websites. Findings: One hundred and fourteen participants completed the survey, the majority of participants (n = 39, 34.2%) were between the ages of 36 and 50 years, 55.3% (n = 63) were female, and 70% (n = 80) were white. Fifty-four participants (47%) could not identify their recommended salt intake limit. Participants answered an average of 4 out of 7 questions pertaining to sodium knowledge correctly (SD 1.5). Increased age was associated with total sodium knowledge (r = 0.33, p= 0.01) and length of time on HEMO was related to total sodium knowledge (r = –0.20, p = 0.04). In terms of beliefs, 38% (n = 44) were unsure or did not believe that salt intake was related to blood pressure and 30% (n = 33) did not feel it was related to fluid gains. Forty-two participants (37%) responded that they were not informed by a health care provider to cut down their salt intake. Discussion: Knowledge about sodium levels is lacking in patients on chronic HEMO. Patients may be more likely to decrease their sodium intake if they know their recommended sodium levels. Health care providers are not doing enough to educate patients on the need to decrease sodium intake and reinforce the relationship between sodium intake, fluid gains, and blood pressure. Findings from this study are useful to help develop educational programs to target these knowledge needs.

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Blood pressure by age, gender, height, and socioeconomic level in school populations in Cali, Colombia

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v43i1.1060 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 63-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Consuelo Restrepo de Rovetto ◽

Juan Carlos Agudelo ◽

Luis H Conde ◽

Alberto Pradilla

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Body Mass ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Physical Work ◽

Physical Work Capacity ◽

Socioeconomic Level ◽

School Population

Introduction: Blood pressure (BP) is a vital sign that should be recorded in children and adolescents. Studies have shown that hypertension in children can lead to adult cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in many countries, including Colombia. The aim of this paper was to show the blood pressure data in a school population, 7 to 18 years of age in the city of Cali. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study to assess risk factors for chronic diseases in a school population of Cali, Colombia, which included anthropometry, blood chemistry, physical work capacity, oral health, diet, and BP. Two pediatricians registered BP by auscultatory method in both arms according to standard method. BP data, their relationship with age, gender, height, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and salt intake were reported for this student population. Results: A total of 2807 students from different Educational institutions in the urban area of Cali were evaluated. Some 92.2% of the school population had normal BP with values below the 90th percentile, 3.8% had blood pressure between 90 to 95th percentiles or prehypertension, and 3.2% were hypertensive with blood pressure above the 95th percentile for age, gender, and height percentiles according to standards. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases with age, height, and in males the values are slightly higher. No significant differences were found in systolic and diastolic BP regarding socioeconomic status. There was no difference between right and left arm BP. Higher sodium intake in diet and body mass index increase systolic BP levels. Conclusions: The data found agree with those reported in the literature. Socioeconomic level does not influence blood pressure values in the population studied.

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Positive and Negative Aspects of Sodium Intake in Dialysis and Non-Dialysis CKD Patients

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 951

Author(s):

Yasuyuki Nagasawa

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Water Intake ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Sodium Restriction ◽

Dialysis Patients ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Volume Blood

Sodium intake theoretically has dual effects on both non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and dialysis patients. One negatively affects mortality by increasing proteinuria and blood pressure. The other positively affects mortality by ameliorating nutritional status through appetite induced by salt intake and the amount of food itself, which is proportional to the amount of salt under the same salty taste. Sodium restriction with enough water intake easily causes hyponatremia in CKD and dialysis patients. Moreover, the balance of these dual effects in dialysis patients is likely different from their balance in non-dialysis CKD patients because dialysis patients lose kidney function. Sodium intake is strongly related to water intake via the thirst center. Therefore, sodium intake is strongly related to extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, appetite, nutritional status, and mortality. To decrease mortality in both non-dialysis and dialysis CKD patients, sodium restriction is an essential and important factor that can be changed by the patients themselves. However, under sodium restriction, it is important to maintain the balance of negative and positive effects from sodium intake not only in dialysis and non-dialysis CKD patients but also in the general population.

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Potential impact of a modest reduction in salt intake on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease burden and premature mortality: a modelling study

Open Heart ◽

10.1136/openhrt-2018-000943 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e000943 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Leopold Ndemnge Aminde ◽

Linda J Cobiac ◽

J Lennert Veerman

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Life Years ◽

Potential Impact ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveTo assess the potential impact of reduction in salt intake on the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality in Cameroon.MethodsUsing a multicohort proportional multistate life table model with Markov process, we modelled the impact of WHO’s recommended 30% relative reduction in population-wide sodium intake on the CVD burden for Cameroonian adults alive in 2016. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted and used to quantify uncertainty.ResultsOver the lifetime, incidence is predicted to decrease by 5.2% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 4.6 to 5.7) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 6.6% (95% UI 5.9 to 7.4) for haemorrhagic strokes, 4.8% (95% UI 4.2 to 5.4) for ischaemic strokes and 12.9% (95% UI 12.4 to 13.5) for hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Mortality over the lifetime is projected to reduce by 5.1% (95% UI 4.5 to 5.6) for IHD, by 6.9% (95% UI 6.1 to 7.7) for haemorrhagic stroke, by 4.5% (95% UI 4.0 to 5.1) for ischaemic stroke and by 13.3% (95% UI 12.9 to 13.7) for HHD. About 776 400 (95% UI 712 600 to 841 200) health-adjusted life years could be gained, and life expectancy might increase by 0.23 years and 0.20 years for men and women, respectively. A projected 16.8% change (reduction) between 2016 and 2030 in probability of premature mortality due to CVD would occur if population salt reduction recommended by WHO is attained.ConclusionAchieving the 30% reduction in sodium intake recommended by WHO could considerably decrease the burden of CVD. Targeting blood pressure via decreasing population salt intake could translate in significant reductions in premature CVD mortality in Cameroon by 2030.

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Blood Pressure and Intra-Erythrocyte Sodium during Normal and High Salt Intake in Middle-Aged Men: Relationship to Family History of Hypertension, and Neurogenic and Hormonal Variables

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0660427 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 427-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ottar Gudmundsson ◽

Hans Herlitz ◽

Olof Jonsson ◽

Thomas Hedner ◽

Ove Andersson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Family History ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Sodium Content ◽

High Salt Intake ◽

History Of ◽

Family History Of Hypertension ◽

Erythrocyte Sodium

1. During 4 weeks 37 normotensive 50-year-old men identified by screening in a random population sample were given 12 g of NaCl daily, in addition to their usual dietary sodium intake. Blood pressure, heart rate, weight, urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and catecholamines, plasma aldosterone and noradrenaline and intra-erythrocyte sodium content were determined on normal and increased salt intake. The subjects were divided into those with a positive family history of hypertension (n = 11) and those without such a history (n = 26). 2. Systolic blood pressure and weight increased significantly irrespective of a positive family history of hypertension. 3. On normal salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content was significantly higher in those with a positive family history of hypertension. During high salt intake intra-erythrocyte sodium content decreased significantly in that group and the difference between the hereditary subgroups was no longer significant. 4. In the whole group urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine increased whereas plasma aldosterone decreased during the increased salt intake. 5. Thus, in contrast to some earlier studies performed in young subjects, our results indicate that moderately increased sodium intake acts as a pressor agent in normotensive middle-aged men whether there was a positive family history of hypertension or not. We confirm that men with positive family history of hypertension have an increased intra-erythrocyte sodium content, and that an increase in salt intake seems to increase overall sympathetic activity.

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Change in Salt Intake Affects Blood Pressure of Chimpanzees

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circulationaha.106.675579 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 116 (14) ◽

pp. 1563-1568 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Paul Elliott ◽

Lesley L. Walker ◽

Mark P. Little ◽

John R. Blair-West ◽

Robert E. Shade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Human Population ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Arterial Blood

Background— Addition of up to 15.0 g/d salt to the diet of chimpanzees caused large rises in blood pressure, which reversed when the added salt was removed. Effects of more modest alterations to sodium intakes in chimpanzees, akin to current efforts to lower sodium intakes in the human population, are unknown. Methods and Results— Sodium intakes were altered among 17 chimpanzees in Franceville, Gabon, and 110 chimpanzees in Bastrop, Tex. In Gabon, chimpanzees had a biscuit diet of constant nutrient composition except that the sodium content was changed episodically over 3 years from 75 to 35 to 120 mmol/d. In Bastrop, animals were divided into 2 groups; 1 group continued on the standard diet of 250 mmol/d sodium for 2 years, and sodium intake was halved for the other group. Lower sodium intake was associated with lower systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures in Gabon (2-tailed P <0.001, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, and baseline weight) and Bastrop ( P <0.01, unadjusted; P =0.08 to 0.10, adjusted), with no threshold down to 35 mmol/d sodium. For systolic pressure, estimates were −12.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −16.9 to −8.5, adjusted) per 100 mmol/d lower sodium in Gabon and −10.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −18.9 to −2.9, unadjusted) and −5.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −12.2 to 0.7, adjusted) for sodium intake lower by 122 mmol/d in Bastrop. Baseline systolic pressures higher by 10 mm Hg were associated with larger falls in systolic pressure by 4.3/2.9 mm Hg in Gabon/Bastrop per 100 mmol/d lower sodium. Conclusions— These findings from an essentially single-variable experiment in the species closest to Homo sapiens with high intakes of calcium and potassium support intensified public health efforts to lower sodium intake in the human population.

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Reducing the population's sodium intake: the UK Food Standards Agency's salt reduction programme

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011000966 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 254-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 141

Author(s):

Laura A Wyness ◽

Judith L Butriss ◽

Sara A Stanner

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Salt Reduction ◽

Campaign Evaluation ◽

Food Standards ◽

Reporting Framework ◽

Population Average ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

The Uk

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the UK Food Standards Agency's (FSA) salt reduction programme undertaken between 2003 and 2010 and to discuss its effectiveness.DesignRelevant scientific papers, campaign materials and evaluations and consultation responses to the FSA's salt reduction programme were used.SettingAdult salt intakes, monitored using urinary Na data collected from UK-wide surveys, indicate a statistically significant reduction in the population's average salt intake from 9·5 g/d in 2000–2001 to 8·6 g/d in 2008, which is likely to have health benefits.SubjectsReducing salt intake will have an impact on blood pressure; an estimated 6 % of deaths from CHD in the UK can be avoided if the number of people with high blood pressure is reduced by 50 %.ResultsSalt levels in food, monitored using commercial label data and information collected through an industry self-reporting framework, indicated that substantial reductions of up to 70 % in some foods had been achieved. The FSA's consumer campaign evaluation showed increased awareness of the benefits of reducing salt intake on health, with 43 % of adults in 2009 claiming to have made a special effort to reduce salt in their diet compared with 34 % of adults in 2004, before the campaign commenced.ConclusionsThe UK's salt reduction programme successfully reduced the average salt intake of the population and increased consumers’ awareness. Significant challenges remain in achieving the population average salt intake of 6 g/d recommended by the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. However, the UK has demonstrated the success of its programme and this approach is now being implemented elsewhere in the world.

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Sodium Intake and Hypertension

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11091970 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1970 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Grillo ◽

Salvi ◽

Coruzzi ◽

Salvi ◽

Parati

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Peripheral Resistance ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

High Sodium ◽

Close Relationship ◽

And Function ◽

Modest Reduction

The close relationship between hypertension and dietary sodium intake is widely recognized and supported by several studies. A reduction in dietary sodium not only decreases the blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension, but is also associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged modest reduction in salt intake induces a relevant fall in blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, irrespective of sex and ethnic group, with larger falls in systolic blood pressure for larger reductions in dietary salt. The high sodium intake and the increase in blood pressure levels are related to water retention, increase in systemic peripheral resistance, alterations in the endothelial function, changes in the structure and function of large elastic arteries, modification in sympathetic activity, and in the autonomic neuronal modulation of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we have focused on the effects of sodium intake on vascular hemodynamics and their implication in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

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Effects of AT1A receptor deletion on blood pressure and sodium excretion during altered dietary salt intake

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 283 (3) ◽

pp. F447-F453 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Amy J. Mangrum ◽

R. Ariel Gomez ◽

Victoria F. Norwood

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Sodium Balance ◽

Wild Type ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Wide Range ◽

Blood Pressures ◽

Pressure Natriuresis

The present study was performed to investigate the role of type 1A ANG II (AT1A) receptors in regulating sodium balance and blood pressure maintenance during chronic dietary sodium variations in AT1A receptor-deficient (−/−) mice. Groups of AT1A (−/−) and wild-type mice were placed on a low (LS)-, normal (NS)-, or high-salt (HS) diet for 3 wk. AT1A(−/−) mice on an LS diet had high urinary volume and low blood pressure despite increased renin and aldosterone levels. On an HS diet, (−/−) mice demonstrated significant diuresis, yet blood pressure increased to levels greater than control littermates. There was no effect of dietary sodium intake on systolic blood pressures in wild-type animals. The pressure-natriuresis relationship in AT1A (−/−) mice demonstrated a shift to the left and a decreased slope compared with wild-type littermates. These studies demonstrate that mice lacking the AT1A receptor have blood pressures sensitive to changes in dietary sodium, marked alterations of the pressure-natriuresis relationship, and compensatory mechanisms capable of maintaining normal sodium balance across a wide range of sodium intakes.

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Blood Pressure Association with Sodium Intake from Snacks Among Undergraduates of Afe Babalola University, Nigeria

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 152-152

Author(s):

Kayode Ajayi ◽

Ibidayo Alebiosu

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Metabolic Equivalent ◽

The Mean

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the association between blood pressure (BP) values and sodium intake from snacks. Methods The mean weekly consumption of snacks was evaluated in 1500 randomly selected undergraduate aged 16–24 years by a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided into quartiles of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The mean weekly exercise level was calculated as the product of duration and frequency of each activity (in hours/week), weighted by an estimate of the metabolic equivalent of the activity (MET) and summed for the activities performed. The whole cohort was divided into tertiles of exercise and the individuals were classified as; sedentary, moderately active and active. The cut of points in the whole cohort were respectively; ≤10, 11–29, ≥30 MET h/week. Exercise levels were therefore expressed as MET h/week. Results The mean age, metabolic equivalent of activity (METs), body mass index (BMI) and mean sodium intake from snacks per day were; 20.10 ± 1.44 years, 25.51 ± 10.03 METs h/week, 24.86 ± 4.80 kg/m2 and 1.5 g/day respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) ranges between 104.43 ± 4.89 mmHg and 137.27 ± 16.71 mmHg while the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ranges from 71.24 ± 7.83–83.11 ± 12.03 mmHg. The SBP and DBP significantly increased from the lower to the higher tertile of sodium from snacks and with increasing frequency of salty snacks consumption (P < 0.001). In the multiple logistic regression model, being in the highest SBP quartile (≥115 mmHg) was significantly associated with consumption of sodium from snacks (odds ratio (OR) = 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.82; P = 0.001), age, gender and body mass index. Also, being in the highest DBP quartile (≥70 mmHg) was significantly associated with consumption of sodium from snacks (odds ratio (OR) = 2.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41–5.69; P = 0.003), age, body mass index, but not with gender. Conclusions The study has shown that a strong association exists between sodium intake from snack, daily frequency of consumption of salty snacks and blood pressure. Public education and social marketing are needed to motivate the undergraduate to choose healthier snacks with lower sodium content. Funding Sources The study did not receive any funding from any source.

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