scholarly journals Analysis of Credit Ratings for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Evidence from Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Yoshino ◽  
Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Credit Ratings ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The World ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Domestic Economies

In Asia, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for the major share of employment and dominate domestic economies, yet providing these companies with access to finance is a challenge across the region. Asian economies are often characterized as having bank-dominated financial systems and underdeveloped capital markets, in particular with regard to venture capital. As a result, banks are the main source of financing for SMEs. It is crucial for banks to be able to distinguish healthy from risky companies. If they can do this, lending and financing SMEs through banks will be easier. In this paper, we explain the importance of SMEs in Asia. Then, we provide a scheme for assigning credit ratings to SMEs by employing two statistical analysis techniques—principal component analysis and cluster analysis—applying 11 financial ratios of 1,363 SMEs in Asia. If used by the financial institutions, this comprehensive and efficient method could enable banks and other lending agencies around the world, and especially in Asia, to group SME customers based on financial health and adjust interest rates on loans and set lending ceilings for each group.

Global approaches to quantitative analysis of gene-expression patterns observed by use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2031-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
N L Anderson ◽  
J P Hofmann ◽  
A Gemmell ◽  
J Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Abstract A major difficulty in the use of two-dimensional protein maps to identify and classify cell types is the problem of acquiring, selecting, and analyzing quantitative data on hundreds of protein spots. Here we use methods of multivariate statistics to analyze the differences among a panel of human cell lines, in some cases involving quantitative data on more than 250 proteins. Principal-component and cluster-analysis techniques show that the lines can be easily distinguished, even by using the subset of proteins present in all cells. A preliminary analysis of the protein changes brought about by phorbol ester-induced differentiation of the line U937 is included.

Statistical analysis of pollution in stormwater infiltration basins

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barraud ◽  
M. Dechesne ◽  
J.-P. Bardin ◽  
J.-C. Varnier
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Cationic Exchange ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Stormwater Infiltration ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons

In order to characterize soil pollution in stormwater infiltration basins, four basins of the Lyon area were selected and sampled. Altogether, 66 soil samples were collected. Each sample was analyzed for pH, cationic exchange capacity, particle size distribution, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, metals, total hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Data was explored in a classic way (soil profiles) and using multivariate analysis techniques. Two methods were applied: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). Main results are presented in this paper. Pollutant concentrations decrease rapidly with depth while pH and grain size increase. Sustainable concentrations are reached at a 50-cm depth, even after 21 years of operation. Multivariate analysis shows how pollution affects each sampling depth.

Profitability of dairy farming in relation to the type of feeding system

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frelich ◽  
Martin Šlachta ◽  
František Střeleček ◽  
Jana Lososová
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Permanent Housing ◽  
Cow Performance

Profitability of dairy farming in relation to the type of feeding systemWe investigated the profitability of dairy farms in relation to the type of feeding system (seasonal pasture vs. permanent housing). An economic analysis was carried out of data on the structure and financial health of 50 farms in 2007 using questionnaires filled in by the farmers. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to reveal causal relationships between a number of characteristics of the farms. The two axis of PCA explained 40.48% and 16.13% of the variability among the selected farm characteristics. Profitability related more to the number of subsidies, the area of arable land, the number of livestock and to the milk and plant production than to the area of meadows and pastures. Although a better cow performance was achieved on farms with confined herds, the profit per agricultural area and profit rate did not differ significantly between the two feeding strategies (P>0.05). The profit was 3,259 and 3,655 CZK/ha on average and the profit rate 7.9% and 5.6% on average on farms with pastured herds and on farms with confined herds, respectively. A lowering of input costs and a more effective utilisation of grasslands may further enhance profitability.

The Utilization of Ftir (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) Method Combined with Chemometrics For Authentication of Indonesian Coffee Powder

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firmansyah A. ◽  
Winingsih W. ◽  
Soebara Y S
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Analysis of natural product remain challenging issues for analytical chemist, since natural products are complicated system of mixture. The most popular methods of choice used for quality control of raw material and finished product are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The utilization of FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance) method in natural product analysis is still limited. This study attempts to expand the use of FTIR spectroscopy in authenticating Indonesian coffee powder.The coffee samples studied were taken from nine regions in Indonesia, namely Aceh Gayo, Flores, Kintamani, Mandheling, Papua, Sidikalang, Toraja, Kerinci and Lampung.The samples in the form of coffee bean from various regions were powdered . The next step conducted was to determine the spectrum using the FTIR-ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) using ZnSe crystal of 8000 resolution. Spectrum samples, then, were analyzed using chemometrics. The utilized chemometric model was the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Based on the chemometric analysis, there are similarities between Aceh Gayo coffee with Toraja coffee, Mandailing coffee, Kintamani coffee and Flores coffee. Sidikalang coffee has a similarity to Flores coffee; Papua coffee has a similarity to Sidikalang coffee; Lampung coffee has a similarity to Sidikalang coffee, while Kerinci coffee has a similarity to Papua coffee.

Remaking Retirement

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Older Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Key Aspects

Around the world, people nearing and entering retirement are holding ever-greater levels of debt than in the past. This is not a benign situation, as many pre-retirees and retirees are stressed about their indebtedness. Moreover, this growth in debt among the older population may render retirees vulnerable to financial shocks, medical care bills, and changes in interest rates. Contributors to this volume explore key aspects of the rise in debt across older cohorts, drill down into the types of debt and reasons for debt incurred by the older population, and review policies to remedy some of the financial problems facing older persons, in the United States and elsewhere. The authors explore which groups are most affected by debt, and they also identify the factors causing this important increase in leverage at older ages. It is clear that the economic and market environments are influential when it comes to saving and debt. Access to easy borrowing, low interest rates, and the rising cost of education have had important impacts on how much people borrow, and how much debt they carry at older ages. In this environment, the capacity to manage debt is ever more important as older workers lack the opportunity to recover for mistakes.

scholarly journals Four-Year Study on the Bio-Agronomic Response of Biotypes of Capparis spinosa L. on the Island of Linosa (Italy)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Salvatore La Bella ◽  
Francesco Rossini ◽  
Mario Licata ◽  
Giuseppe Virga ◽  
Roberto Ruggeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Capparis Spinosa ◽  
Production Behavior ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

The caper plant is widespread in Sicily (Italy) both wild in natural habitats and as specialized crops, showing considerable morphological variation. However, although contributing to a thriving market, innovation in caper cropping is low. The aim of the study was to evaluate agronomic and production behavior of some biotypes of Capparis spinosa L. subsp. rupestris, identified on the Island of Linosa (Italy) for growing purposes. Two years and seven biotypes of the species were tested in a randomized complete block design. The main morphological and production parameters were determined. Phenological stages were also observed. Analysis of variance showed high variability between the biotypes. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis highlighted a clear distinction between biotypes based on biometric and production characteristics. Production data collected in the two-year period 2007–2008 showed the greatest production levels in the third year following planting in 2005. In particular, biotype SCP1 had the highest average value (975.47 g) of flower bud consistency. Our results permitted the identification of biotypes of interest for the introduction into new caper fields. Further research is needed in order to characterize caper biotypes in terms of the chemical composition of the flower buds and fruits.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1986 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 20-29
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Small Rise

Fuller data confirm the impression which we formed in May that OECD countries' total output did not change much in the first quarter. It probably increased by about ¼ per cent, with even this small rise attributable wholly to stock movements in the US. Final demand in the US fell and there were declines in total output in a number of countries, including Japan, Germany, Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland and possibly Italy (for which there are conflicting estimates), white France achieved only marginal growth. The fall was notably severe in Germany, where construction suffered badly in the cold winter. This probably had a wider impact also, and, in North America at least, the initial effect of the slump in oil prices seems to have been depressive, with drilling activity sharply reduced, especially in the US. There may also have been a tendency for expenditure, perhaps on investment in particular, to be deferred in the expectation of falling prices and interest rates.

Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy bridge over the River Barrow. Design and Construction of a long span extrados bridge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Sanchez Sanchez ◽  
John Iliff
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Robust Approach ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Long Span ◽  
The World ◽  
Art Analysis ◽  
Concrete Deck ◽  
Design And Construction

<p>This paper describes the key elements from early planning to completion of a new bridge over the River Barrow which is part of the New Ross bypass in the south of Ireland. The structure has a total length of 887m, with a span arrangement of 36-45-95-230-230-95-70-50-36m. The two central twin spans are the longest of its kind in the world (extrados with a full concrete deck). The bridge carries a dual carriageway with a cable arrangement consisting of a single plane of cables located in the central axis of the deck. The design and construction focused in providing a structure with long term durability, resilience, and a robust approach to design scenarios using the Eurocodes and state of the art analysis techniques, including extreme events such as fire and ship impact<i>.</i></p>

Brand Positioning and Segmentation of Sneakers through Multi-Dimensional Customer Experience Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345
Author(s):  
R. Senthilkumar ◽  
B. RubanRaja ◽  
Monisha
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Customer Experience ◽  
Structured Data ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Brand Positioning ◽  
Customer Reviews ◽  
Perceptual Mapping ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

A huge corpus of valuable information on customer experience is available as unstructured form in customer reviews on e-commerce websites. Multivariate data analysis techniques are effective in uncovering hidden patterns and segments in structured data. A major challenge is to convert the unstructured data into a structured form for applying multivariate techniques. In this article, we have provided a text analysis based approach coupled with multivariate techniques to uncover the sentiment of various features associated with different brands and to determine the brand positions and segments through perceptual mapping and cluster analysis.

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