Genocide in Rwanda – Is It Really Finland's Concern?

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Kimpimäki
Keyword(s):  
National Court ◽  
Universal Jurisdiction ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn June 2010, a Rwandan citizen, Francois Bazaramba, was sentenced in a Finnish court of first instance, to life imprisonment for acts of genocide committed in Rwanda in 1994. This was the first time that the provisions of Finnish law dealing with genocide had ever been applied in a court. This article examines the details of this case, as well as the Finnish legislation on genocide, jurisdiction and extradition. Many of the questions considered in this article are not only typical for Finland, but have a more general bearing as well. For instance, the issues relating to the transfer or extradition of fugitives to Rwanda have recently been considered in several national and international jurisdictions. A trial conducted in a national court on the basis of universal jurisdiction reveals in a concrete way the advantages and disadvantages of this form of prosecution.

scholarly journals Diazocarbonyl and Related Compounds in the Synthesis of Azoles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2530
Author(s):  
Anton Budeev ◽  
Grigory Kantin ◽  
Dmitry Dar’in ◽  
Mikhail Krasavin
Keyword(s):  
Diazo Compounds ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

Diazocarbonyl compounds have found numerous applications in many areas of chemistry. Among the most developed fields of diazo chemistry is the preparation of azoles from diazo compounds. This approach represents a useful alternative to more conventional methods of the synthesis of azoles. A comprehensive review on the preparation of various azoles (oxazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles) from diazocarbonyl and related compounds is presented for the first time along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of «diazo» approaches to azoles.

scholarly journals Reconciling Indigenous peoples with the judicial process: An examination of the recent genocide and sexual slavery trials in Guatemala and their integration of Mayan culture and customs

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-252
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Madeleine Patterson
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
National Court ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Sexual Slavery ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

This article examines two recent landmark cases in Guatemala. The first one is the 2013 Rios Montt genocide case, which led to one of the first convictions of a former Head of State for genocide in a national court. The second one is the 2016 Sepur Zarco case, which marked the first time former military commanders were convicted in a national court of crimes against the duties of humanity for sexual and domestic slavery. In both cases, almost all the victims were Indigenous. The author was present for parts of both trials as an international observer and interviewed individuals directly involved in the prosecution. Considering that Guatemalan and international law require that legal decisions give due consideration to the customs of the Indigenous peoples concerned, the article assesses to what extent Indigenous culture was taken into account during the trial and how Indigenous concepts and customs were considered in the judgements. In both cases, the tribunal did not modify usual court procedures, except to provide interpreters for the testimony of the unilingual Q’eqchi and Ixil witnesses. Both judgements did, however, take into account several concepts and customs from the Mayan worldview and these were key to the Court’s reasoning leading to the guilty verdicts.

Application of GPR in Measurement of Kunming Lake

2013 ◽  
Vol 392 ◽  
pp. 787-790
Author(s):  
Bo Gang Yang ◽  
Jin Song Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Reservoir Capacity ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Beijing Institute ◽  
First Time ◽  
Surveying And Mapping

According to Chinas first census for water requirements, Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping measured the Kunming lake reservoir capacity for the first time. Combining with the application of measurement of Kunming Lake storage capacity with GPR, this paper give a method on city lake storage capacity measuring, and then analyses the feasibility of measurement with GPR, summary variety of advantages and disadvantages in this work. In the end, the paper give a lot of advice on Measurement of city lake storage capacity with GPR.

scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE AND PURPOSE OF THE SENTENCES OF SENTENCES

Social Law ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Court Of First Instance

The article analyzes the nature and importance of serving prisoners. The content of the purpose of serving the convicted prisoners was revealed. The features of the investigated category are revealed. The specifics of the purpose of serving prisoners are described. Attention is drawn to the fact that in revealing the notion of serving prisoners in certain territories, for example in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the convicted persons should first of all understand the persons to whom such penalties are applied, such as imprisonment for a term of imprisonment and life imprisonment. It is noted that some of the scholars who are serving sentences in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions include: 1) persons who have been sentenced but whose sentence did not come into force before the start of the anti-terrorist operation; 2) persons who were not sentenced but whose case was in the court of first instance; 3) persons subjected to pre-trial investigation at the time of the start of the anti-terrorist operation; 4) persons who have been detained and / or convicted by members of illegal armed groups. The status of each of the groups of convicts listed is different. The author notes that the physical and moral suffering of the convicted person is in fact the inevitable consequences of the use of punishment, but is not its purpose, which is contrary to the current approach to understanding the purpose of punishment - punishment does not aim to inflict suffering on the offender, but the purpose is different. At the same time, in the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 11.07.2003 № 1129-IV this issue is considered somewhat differently, due to the fact that the Criminal Code of Ukraine regulates the purpose of punishment, while in the Criminal Code - the purpose of serving the sentence. It is concluded that one of the purposes of serving prisoners in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions is to use them in the interests of self-proclaimed in certain areas of these areas of power. Attention is drawn to the fact that essentially no re-socialization takes place.

scholarly journals R v Cunnard: Judicial application and expansion of section 102 of the Sentencing Act 2002

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sean Mallett
Keyword(s):  
High Threshold ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
First Time ◽  
Court Of Appeal

<p>Section 102 of the Sentencing Act 2002 gives judges’ only limited discretion when sentencing for stage-1 murder: the discretion to rebut the presumption of life imprisonment in circumstances where the sentence would otherwise be “manifestly unjust”. This is a high threshold, and the Court of Appeal has said that it will be met only in exceptional cases. The judgment in R v Cunnard is the first time that a person who derived their conviction of murder from a principal offender has had the presumption displaced, and this essay explores whether or not this decision has lowered the threshold to establish manifest injustice. Although Miller J’s judgment conforms to the common features that exist in the few cases where the presumption has been successfully displaced, it is not without criticism. There are issues as to whether an overall assessment of the circumstances of the offence and the offender were made, as well as significant concerns regarding the emphasis the judge placed on sentence parity between co-offenders.</p>

scholarly journals On the issue of early parole from serving a sentence in the Kyrgyz Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
Kunduz Zhetigenova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
State Body

The article is devoted to the grounds and conditions for parole from serving a criminal sentence. The article considers the legislative and law enforcement problems that arise when applying the rules governing the procedure for evaluating the behavior of a convicted person during the period of serving a sentence. On January 1, 2019, the new legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic of the criminal law block came into force, which significantly changed the procedure for parole from criminal punishment. At present, it is only possible in relation to persons sentenced to punishments related to isolation from society. In addition, the provision on parole application in relation to additional punishment is excluded from the criminal law. However, the new law eased the situation of a convict for damages compensation, extended the circle of persons entitled to apply for considering the case on parole (abolished in accordance with the rules of parole was possible only after full compensation of the material damage caused by the crime). The legislator also reduced the number of circumstances prohibiting the use of parole from serving a sentence, and showed humanity in relation to certain categories of convicts (the norm on the application of p from serving a sentence in relation to persons sentenced to life imprisonment). The issue of creating a specialized authorized state body that carries out the execution of criminal penalties that are not related to isolation from society, compulsory measures of criminal legal influence, supervision of persons released on parole from correctional institutions, with the performance of social and legal functions of the probation body, was resolved. However, despite all the positive changes, the study allowed the author to conclude that there are actual problems of legal regulation and practical application of the provisions on the conditions and grounds for parole. In particular, the law does not reflect who exactly should act as a person who compensates for damages. In practice, there are often cases when the convicted person did not work, and the damage was paid by relatives. At the same time, the court has no grounds for refusing to apply for parole. In such circumstances, it is doubtful that the goals of the convicted person’s correction have been achieved. In addition, currently the law stipulates the same rules for the application of parole for persons who have committed crimes for the first time, as well as for persons convicted for a set of crimes and a set of sentences.

scholarly journals Development and Application of Internal Circulating Water-cooled Electromagnetic Separator

2022 ◽  
Vol 2160 (1) ◽  
pp. 012069
Author(s):  
Juan Lu ◽  
Xiaolei Yan ◽  
Bin Du ◽  
Jing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Internal Circulation ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Electromagnetic Separator ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cooling Methods ◽  
Application Prospects

Abstract For dusty and explosive use environment, especially in coal mines, mostly self-cooled and water-cooled electromagnetic iron separators are used. This article introduces the application of water cooling internal circulation technology to electromagnetic separator equipment for the first time, the advantages and disadvantages of the three cooling methods as well as the development process and application prospects of the internal circulating water-cooled electromagnetic separator are introduced and analyzed respectively.

The term “Macedonian(s)” in Ottoman Macedonia: on the map and in the mind

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-766
Author(s):  
Maria Pandevska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Mind ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this article I analyze the term “Macedonian(s)” based on the discourse of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (1893–1908) from the aspect of the internal understanding of the term as a supra-local and supra-church identity. Another matter for analysis in this article is that of the stereotypes in the interpretation of Macedonian historical processes inherited from the nineteenth century, still present in some contemporary historiographies. Hence, the article makes an attempt to bring down the stereotype about the existence of some unique Macedonian ethnic phenomenon known as the “Macedonian salad.” This article also deals with the significance of the geopolitical position of Ottoman Macedonia within the empire. More specifically, the emphasis is placed on the change of its position after the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1881). Namely, for the first time since the Ottoman conquests in the Middle Ages, Macedonia's position within the empire changed from being a central to a peripheral Ottoman province, with all the advantages and disadvantages that this change brought about. This aspect of Macedonian historical reality is often neglected in the historiography.

Consideration Regarding the Modeling of Knowledge of Kanban System by Implementing in Technical Academic Institutions

2016 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Ilie Octavian Popp
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Academic Institution ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
System Implementation ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Kanban System ◽  
First Time

After the first time invention of Kanban system by Ohno Taiichi [1], Kanban system is becoming more and more famous in industries and nevertheless its importance and implementation is increasing faster than ever before. Main objective is to address this question thoroughly, how knowledge base Kanban system can be useful in future. This research work shows a modeling approach of Kanban system implementation to improve and meet the requirement of knowledge by implementing Kanban system using just in time concept given by Ohno Taiichi for academic institution. It also describe how can this system be implemented and how can we benefit from this system in a different way. Its advantages and disadvantages are also discussed this paper.

scholarly journals Research and Mass Deployment of Non-cognitive Authentication Strategy Based on Campus Wireless Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Dapeng Huangfu ◽  
Xiaoping Tian ◽  
Xingjian Wang ◽  
Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Security ◽  
Wireless Network ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
First Time

With the rapid development of Internet +, the dependence on wireless networks and wireless terminals are increasing. Campus wireless network has become the main network of teachers and students in campus on the internet. As there are uneven clients and a wide variety of intelligent terminals now. Simplified authentication and network security become the most urgent problem for wireless network. This paper used the Portal + Mac authentication method to realize the non-cognitive authentication of teachers and students on basis of the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of mainstream authentication of campus wireless network, such as 802.1X authentication, Portal authentication, Mac authentication and DHCP authentication. Teachers and students only need portal certification at the first time, then surf the internet with non-perceived authentication at the second time and later. This method increases network security, and is better to meet the needs of teachers and students.

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