scholarly journals Diazocarbonyl and Related Compounds in the Synthesis of Azoles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2530
Author(s):  
Anton Budeev ◽  
Grigory Kantin ◽  
Dmitry Dar’in ◽  
Mikhail Krasavin
Keyword(s):  
Diazo Compounds ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

Diazocarbonyl compounds have found numerous applications in many areas of chemistry. Among the most developed fields of diazo chemistry is the preparation of azoles from diazo compounds. This approach represents a useful alternative to more conventional methods of the synthesis of azoles. A comprehensive review on the preparation of various azoles (oxazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles) from diazocarbonyl and related compounds is presented for the first time along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of «diazo» approaches to azoles.

Genocide in Rwanda – Is It Really Finland's Concern?

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Kimpimäki
Keyword(s):  
National Court ◽  
Universal Jurisdiction ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn June 2010, a Rwandan citizen, Francois Bazaramba, was sentenced in a Finnish court of first instance, to life imprisonment for acts of genocide committed in Rwanda in 1994. This was the first time that the provisions of Finnish law dealing with genocide had ever been applied in a court. This article examines the details of this case, as well as the Finnish legislation on genocide, jurisdiction and extradition. Many of the questions considered in this article are not only typical for Finland, but have a more general bearing as well. For instance, the issues relating to the transfer or extradition of fugitives to Rwanda have recently been considered in several national and international jurisdictions. A trial conducted in a national court on the basis of universal jurisdiction reveals in a concrete way the advantages and disadvantages of this form of prosecution.

scholarly journals A Review of Computer-Aided Expert Systems for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2764
Author(s):  
Xin Yu Liew ◽  
Nazia Hameed ◽  
Jeremie Clos
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
The Impact

A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) expert system is a powerful tool to efficiently assist a pathologist in achieving an early diagnosis of breast cancer. This process identifies the presence of cancer in breast tissue samples and the distinct type of cancer stages. In a standard CAD system, the main process involves image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, classification, and performance evaluation. In this review paper, we reviewed the existing state-of-the-art machine learning approaches applied at each stage involving conventional methods and deep learning methods, the comparisons within methods, and we provide technical details with advantages and disadvantages. The aims are to investigate the impact of CAD systems using histopathology images, investigate deep learning methods that outperform conventional methods, and provide a summary for future researchers to analyse and improve the existing techniques used. Lastly, we will discuss the research gaps of existing machine learning approaches for implementation and propose future direction guidelines for upcoming researchers.

scholarly journals Pedicularis L. Genus: Systematics, Botany, Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology and Other

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Frezza ◽  
Alessandro Venditti ◽  
Chiara Toniolo ◽  
Daniela De Vita ◽  
Ilaria Serafini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
First Time

In this review, the relevance of plants belonging to the Pedicularis L. genus was explored from different points of view. Particular emphasys was given especially to the phytochemistry and the ethnopharmacology of the genus since several classes of natural compounds have been evidenced within it and several Pedicularis species are well known to be employed in the traditional medicine of many Asian countries. Nevertheless, some important conclusions on the chemotaxonomic and chemosystematic aspects of the genus were also provided for the first time. This work represents the first total comprehensive review on the genus Pedicularis.

scholarly journals Features, Challenges and Issues of Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
End Users ◽  
Computing Technology ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Security Control ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
And Task

Fog computing is a promising technology that is used by many organizations and end-users. It has characteristics and advantages that offer services such as computing, storage, communication, and application services. It facilitates these services to end-users and allows to increase the number of devices that can connect to the network. In this paper, we provide a survey of Fog computing technology in terms of its architecture, features, advantages and disadvantages. We provide a comparison of this model with Cloud Computing, Mobile-Edge Computing, and Cloudlet Computing. We also present challenges and issues that face Fog Computing such as privacy and security, control and management, fog networking and task scheduling. Finally, we discuss aspects of Fog computing security and the benefits of integration between Fog computing and other techniques like Internet of Things and Cloud Computing.

scholarly journals Placental markers of folate-related metabolism in preeclampsia

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Mislanova ◽  
O Martsenyuk ◽  
B Huppertz ◽  
M Obolenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Tight Association ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

The etiology and degree of clinical symptoms of preeclampsia depend on genotypic and phenotypic maternal and trophoblast factors, and elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are one of the pathogenetic factors of preeclampsia. To assess the impact of the folate-related metabolism, we characterized the indices of this metabolism in 40 samples from uncomplicated term placentas and 28 samples from preeclamptic pregnancies by quantifying the total content of folate, methionine (Met), Hcy and related cysteine, and glutathione (GSH) in compliance with the 677 C/T genotype of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The prevalence ofMTHFRgenotypes was not significantly different between the two groups. The polymorphism ofMTHFRwas not unambiguously connected with the content of total placental Met, Hcy and related cysteine, and GSH either in uncomplicated or in complicated pregnancies. By contrast, the combination of the heterozygousMTHFRgenotype with folate deficiency in the samples from preeclamptic pregnancies was characterized by a statistically significant decrease in the Met content, a trend toward increased Hcy levels and a tight association between metabolically directly and indirectly related compounds, e.g. positive relation between Hcy versus cysteine and folate versus GSH and negative relation between folate versus Hcy and both Hcy and cysteine versus GSH. We demonstrated the expression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in human placenta at term by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, for the first time, and confirmed its catalytic activity and the accumulation of cysteine and CBS in placental explants cultivated in the presence of elevated Hcy concentrations. We suggest that disturbance in placental folate-related metabolism may be one of the pathogenetic factors in preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Auto-Configuration in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 4281
Author(s):  
Ngoc-Thanh Dinh ◽  
Younghan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Critical Issues

Wireless sensor network (WSN) studies have been carried out for multiple years. At this stage, many real WSNs have been deployed. Therefore, configuration and updating are critical issues. In this paper, we discuss the issues of configuring and updating a wireless sensor network (WSN). Due to a large number of sensor nodes, in addition to the limited resources of each node, manual configuring turns out to be impossible. Therefore, various auto-configuration approaches have been proposed to address the above challenges. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of auto-configuration mechanisms with the taxonomy of classifications of the existing studies. For each category, we discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of related schemes. Lastly, future works are discussed for the remaining issues in this topic.

scholarly journals 3D In Vitro Human Organ Mimicry Devices for Drug Discovery, Development, and Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Aida Rodriguez-Garcia ◽  
Jacqueline Oliva-Ramirez ◽  
Claudia Bautista-Flores ◽  
Samira Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
On Chip

The past few decades have shown significant advancement as complex in vitro humanized systems have substituted animal trials and 2D in vitro studies. 3D humanized platforms mimic the organs of interest with their stimulations (physical, electrical, chemical, and mechanical). Organ-on-chip devices, including in vitro modelling of 3D organoids, 3D microfabrication, and 3D bioprinted platforms, play an essential role in drug discovery, testing, and assessment. In this article, a thorough review is provided of the latest advancements in the area of organ-on-chip devices targeting liver, kidney, lung, gut, heart, skin, and brain mimicry devices for drug discovery, development, and/or assessment. The current strategies, fabrication methods, and the specific application of each device, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, are presented for each reported platform. This comprehensive review also provides some insights on the challenges and future perspectives for the further advancement of each organ-on-chip device.

scholarly journals qPCR-based methods for expression analysis of miRNAs

BioTechniques ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A Forero ◽  
Yeimy González-Giraldo ◽  
Luis J Castro-Vega ◽  
George E Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Pcr ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Key Points

Several approaches for miRNA expression analysis have been developed in recent years. In this article, we provide an updated and comprehensive review of available qPCR-based methods for miRNA expression analysis and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Existing techniques involve the use of stem–loop reverse transcriptase–PCR, polyadenylation of RNAs, ligation of adapters or RT with complex primers, using universal or miRNA-specific qPCR primers and/or probes. Many of these methods are oriented towards the expression analysis of mature miRNAs and few are designed for the study of pre-miRNAs and pri-miRNAs. We also discuss findings from articles that compare results from existing methods. Finally, we suggest key points for the improvement of available techniques and for the future development of additional methods.

scholarly journals The Flavonoid Metabolite 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic Acid Is a CDK Inhibitor and an Anti-Proliferative Agent: A Potential Role in Cancer Prevention

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjini Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Chaitanya Valiveti ◽  
D. Kumar ◽  
Severine Van slambrouck ◽  
Siddharth Kesharwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

Flavonoids have emerged as promising compounds capable of preventing colorectal cancer (CRC) due to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is hypothesized that the metabolites of flavonoids are primarily responsible for the observed anti-cancer effects owing to the unstable nature of the parent compounds and their degradation by colonic microflora. In this study, we investigated the ability of one metabolite, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4,6-THBA) to inhibit Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) activity and cancer cell proliferation. Using in vitro kinase assays, we demonstrated that 2,4,6-THBA dose-dependently inhibited CDKs 1, 2 and 4 and in silico studies identified key amino acids involved in these interactions. Interestingly, no significant CDK inhibition was observed with the structurally related compounds 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4,5-THBA) and phloroglucinol, suggesting that orientation of the functional groups and specific amino acid interactions may play a role in inhibition. We showed that cellular uptake of 2,4,6-THBA required the expression of functional SLC5A8, a monocarboxylic acid transporter. Consistent with this, in cells expressing functional SLC5A8, 2,4,6-THBA induced CDK inhibitory proteins p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 and inhibited cell proliferation. These findings, for the first time, suggest that the flavonoid metabolite 2,4,6-THBA may mediate its effects through a CDK- and SLC5A8-dependent pathway contributing to the prevention of CRC.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of Melatonin from Lentil Sprouts and Its Role in the Plasmatic Antioxidant Status in Rats

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz ◽  
Yolanda Aguilera ◽  
Teresa Herrera ◽  
L. Tábata Cayuelas ◽  
Montserrat Dueñas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Melatonin Administration ◽  
Kaempferol Glycosides ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

Melatonin is a multifunctional antioxidant neurohormone found in plant foods such as lentil sprouts. We aim to evaluate the effect of lentil sprout intake on the plasmatic levels of melatonin and metabolically related compounds (plasmatic serotonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin), total phenolic compounds, and plasmatic antioxidant status, and compare it with synthetic melatonin. The germination of lentils increases the content of melatonin. However, the phenolic content diminished due to the loss of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. The flavonol content remained unaltered, being the main phenolic family in lentil sprouts, primarily composed of kaempferol glycosides. Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of melatonin after oral administration of a lentil sprout extract and to evaluate plasma and urine melatonin and related biomarkers and antioxidant capacity. Melatonin showed maximum concentration (45.4 pg/mL) 90 min after lentil sprout administration. The plasmatic melatonin levels increased after lentil sprout intake (70%, p < 0.05) with respect to the control, 1.2-fold more than after synthetic melatonin ingestion. These increments correlated with urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin content (p < 0.05), a key biomarker of plasmatic melatonin. Nonetheless, the phenolic compound content did not exhibit any significant variation. Plasmatic antioxidant status increased in the antioxidant capacity upon both lentil sprout and synthetic melatonin administration. For the first time, we investigated the bioavailability of melatonin from lentil sprouts and its role in plasmatic antioxidant status. We concluded that their intake could increase melatonin plasmatic concentration and attenuate plasmatic oxidative stress.

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