Climate Change and Free Riding

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Vanderheiden
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
Action Analysis ◽  
Common Resource ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
The Stability

Does the receipt of benefits from some common resource create an obligation to contribute toward its maintenance? If so, what is the basis of this obligation? I consider whether individual contributions to climate change can be impugned as wrongful free riding upon the stability of the planet's climate system, when persons enjoy its benefits but refuse to bear their share of its maintenance costs. Two main arguments will be advanced: the first urges further modification of H.L.A. Hart’s “principle of fairness” as the basis for demanding that would-be free riders pay their fair share in the context of climate change, while the second claims that remedial action on climate change is better captured through collective action analysis than through harm principles that seek to connect individual actions to bad environmental outcomes.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Internet of Things Technologies—Sustainable Premises of Extending the Culture of the Amurg Cultivar in Transylvania—A Use Case for Târnave Vineyard

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8170
Author(s):  
Veronica Sanda Chedea ◽  
Ana-Maria Drăgulinescu  ◽  
Liliana Lucia Tomoiagă  ◽  
Cristina Bălăceanu ◽  
Maria Lucia Iliescu 
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
White Wine ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Insect Infestations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Red Grape

Known for its dry and semi-dry white wine, the Târnave vineyard located in central Transylvania is challenged by the current climate change, which has resulted in an increase of the period of active vegetation by approximately 15–20 days, the average annual temperature by 1–1.5 °C and also the amount of useful temperatures (useful thermal balance for the grapevine). Furthermore, the frost periods have been reduced. Transylvania is an important Romanian region for grapevine cultivation. In this context, one can use the climatic changes to expand their wine assortment by cultivating an autochthonous grapevine variety called Amurg. Amurg is a red grape cultivar homologated at SCDVV Blaj, which also homologated 7 cultivars and 11 clones. Because viticulture depends on the stability of meteorological and hydrological parameters of the growing area, its foundations are challenged by climate change. Grapevine production is a long time investment, taking at least five years before the freshly planted vines produce the desired quality berries. We propose the implementation of a climate change-based precision viticulture turn-key solution for environmental monitoring in the Târnave vineyard. This solution aims to evaluate the grapevine’s micro-climate to extend the sustainable cultivation of the Amurg red grapes cultivar in Transylvania with the final goal of obtaining Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) rosé and red wines from this region. Worldwide, the changing conditions from the existing climate (a 30-year average), used in the past hundred years to dictate local standards, such as new and erratic trends of temperature and humidity regimes, late spring freezes, early fall frosts, storms, heatwaves, droughts, area wildfires, and insect infestations, would create dynamic problems for all farmers to thrive. These conditions will make it challenging to predict shifts in each of the components of seasonal weather conditions. Our proposed system also aims to give a solution that can be adapted to other vineyards as well.

scholarly journals Drought effects on the stability of forest-grassland ecotones under gradual climate change

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0206138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceres Barros ◽  
Wilfried Thuiller ◽  
Tamara Münkemüller
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Drought Effects

scholarly journals Colonizing the atmosphere: a common concern without climate justice law?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Susana Borràs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
World Population ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Common Concern ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Stability

<p>In the new 'Age of the Anthropocene', the Earth's atmosphere, like other elements of Nature, is rapidly being colonized by a minority of the world's population, at no cost, threatening the security of all humanity and the stability of the planet. The development processes of the great emitters of greenhouse gases have transferred social and environmental costs to all the world population, especially the most impoverished ones. This article is a critical analysis of how the legal climate change regime continues to legitimize the onslaught on the atmosphere. It reflects on the need to move to a new "climate justice law", characterized by responsibilities and obligations centered on the prevention, repair, restoration and treatment of damage and related risks linked to climate change, while protecting human rights and the atmosphere, as a common interest of humanity and the Earth.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Atmosphere, climate change, common concern of humankind, climate justice law<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CYBER RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT METHODS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Irina Maltseva ◽  
Yuliya Chernysh ◽  
Viacheslav Ovsiannikov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Common Resource ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Infrastructure Stability

The availability of critical infrastructure through cyberspace makes national security dependent on the degree of its security. Critical infrastructure is a set of automated management systems, which provide the interaction of information and telecommunications networks that solve problems of public administration, defense, security and law enforcement, and others. The protection of critical infrastructure directly depends on the possession of the relevant structures of new weapons, the degree of its effectiveness, methods of use and means of protection against the same weapons of the enemy. It is necessary to address the issue of effective confrontation in cyberspace. The analysis of problems in the development of methods for assessing the functional stability of critical infrastructure in cyber confrontation requires the definition of basic methods and criteria that can be used in Ukraine to assess the stability of critical infrastructure. Cyber weapons, which carry out destructive information effects, are not weapons in the classical sense, because they do not physically damage the object of attack, but translate its information and automated control systems into a crisis mode of operation. The process of counteraction of two or more parties, in this form, is a cyber confrontation that is realized using a common common resource - the global information space. In the process of critical infrastructure management, cyber confrontation imposes additional requirements to ensure the sustainable operation of critical infrastructure. Stability is an integral property that is inextricably linked to the operating environment. Cyber resilience is an integrated indicator and is determined by cyber reliability, which reflects the ability to perform its tasks in a complex critical infrastructure management system in the context of information destructive influences.

scholarly journals Collective Goods, Free Riding and Country Brands: The Chinese Experience

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay B. Barney ◽  
Shujun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Collective Goods ◽  
Country Brand ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

Company brands signify a message to consumers about the quality and value of a product. Countries can also be branded. However, unlike the brands of individual firms, country brands are collective goods. The nature of country brands creates the possibility of free riding, where individual firms benefit – in terms of price or access – from the promise made by a country brand but deliver at a level lower than what is promised by the brand. Such free riding threatens the stability of what the country brand represents unless legal, governmental, or other institutions engage in activities to reduce these adverse effects. In this paper, we investigate the Chinese brand – once standing for average quality at a low price – in the light of recent recalls. We examine how country brands emerge and the incentives that firms operating in a country have to either support or not support a country brand. We also explore the implications of diese incentives for the role of various institutions, including the government, in developing, maintaining and changing a country brand and in developing and enforcing the policies, such as protection of intellectual property, necessary to support firms' efforts toward reinforcing a trusted country brand.

Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mason
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Main Attraction

Climate change poses a major threat to almost all forms of human activity on earth, including tourism. As Holden (2016: 227) argues: Of all the challenges facing tourism’s relationship with nature, it is not an exaggeration to state that climate change represents the greatest. Holden gives as his rationale for this statement that it is the stability and predictability of climate that is vital for the environments and ecosystems that are required for the continuation of current types of tourism, whether these are the traditional form of mass tourism, in terms of ‘sun, sea and sand’ holidays, or a niche activity which involves visiting a tropical rain forest with rare flora and fauna as the main attraction. Climate change also presents opportunities for tourism. If areas currently experiencing cool winters and mild summers get warmer, then new types of tourism may be possible including beach-based holidays where at present these are of little importance. Climate change is likely to lead to modifications in the weather at different times of the year so ‘seasonality’ which is currently a very important dimension to many forms of tourism will be affected, probably to the extent that seasons when there is high tourism activity will get longer in some parts of the world. Although tourism is likely to be significantly affected by climate change, it has also contributed to climate change through for example the burning of fossil fuels in transport for tourism as well through the use of power in hotel accommodation.

Eine Kantische Begründung individueller Klimapflichten

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-692
Author(s):  
Simon Hollnaicher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Imperfect Duties ◽  
Perfect Duties ◽  
Making A Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Climate Crisis

Abstract According to a well-known problem in climate ethics, individual actions cannot be wrong due to their impact on climate change since the individual act does not make a difference. By referring to the practical interpretation of the categorical imperative, the author argues that certain actions lead to a contradiction in conception in light of the climate crisis. Universalizing these actions would cause foreseeable climate impacts, making it impossible to pursue the original maxim effectively. According to the practical interpretation, such actions are morally wrong. The wrongness of these actions does not depend on making a difference, rather these actions are wrong because they make it impossible for others to act accordingly. Thus, apart from imperfect duties, for which has been argued convincingly elsewhere (Henning 2016; Alberzart 2019), we also have perfect duties to refrain from certain actions in the face of the climate crisis.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Matthew Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Narrative Thread ◽  
The Relationship

This introduction considers the ‘environmental turn’ taken in the humanities, and particularly in historical study, suggesting ways in which these developments might animate the future study of nineteenth-century Ireland. Question of agency and the relationship between human and non-human nature are addressed. Also considered is how current environmental concerns, and climate change in particular, should lead us to think anew about the past, rendering familiar subjects unfamiliar. Particular attention is paid to how Ireland’s past might be located within larger global processes, attracting the interest of scholars from throughout the world. It then introduces the individual contributions in the volume, tracing a narrative thread through them in order to demonstrate how a change in optic can significantly change how we think about Ireland’s recent past.

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