From Democratic Exception to State of Exception: Covid-19 in the Context of Tunisia’s State of Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Meriem Guetat ◽  
Meriem Agrebi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Institutional Response ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Formal Channel ◽  
And Control

Abstract Through an analysis of the early legal and institutional response to Covid-19 in Tunisia, this article demonstrates that the narrative of Tunisia’s democratic exceptionalism following the 2011 revolution is not translated into a liberal legal practice but is instead upheld by an authoritarian rationale that serves the role of a formal channel that legitimizes power discourse. Specifically, this article focuses on what the state of exception, which was declared during the ongoing state of emergency, reveals about the various uses of law in Tunisia. It argues that the state of emergency has become the norm to the Tunisian way of governance post-2011, allowing for the survival of past authoritarian practices where the legal apparatus is used and deployed as a tool of policing and control.

Sovereign Exception, Destructive Exception

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Willy Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Rule Making

This chapter discusses Walter Benjamin's “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” which refers to a regime of sovereign representation where the state of emergency is the rule. It explains the paradigm of sovereignty that is constituted teleologically from exception, as the foundation and conservation of representational regimes. For Benjamin, the state of emergency is equivalent to “progress as a historical norm.” The chapter also looks at the commissary-sovereign state of exception that is functional to a policing critique and a politics whose prerogative is to put the regimes of representation into crisis. It analyzes a prerogative that subsumes the destructive character of the exception within a dialectical concentration of the rule, making the spectrality of destruction a function of the system of representation.

scholarly journals IS THERE CIVIL SOCIETY IN BANGLADESH?

2018 ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
M. S. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Local Levels

Сivil society is a group of people excluded from the government and the army and providing a counterbalance and control of the state at the national and local levels in the country. In Bangladesh, since independence in 1971, civil society organizations have been successfully involved in social development, but they have been criticized not to be able promote democracy in Bangladesh because of their support for political parties. Therefore, it impedes strong opposition to corruption and non-democratic activities in the country. In this article, using the historical method, the author analyzes the features and role of civil society in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The role of tourism and hospitality companies in ensuring an effective internship process

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agita Doniņa
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Employability Skills ◽  
Job Assignment ◽  
Hospitality Education ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
And Control

Tourism and hospitality education has only been provided in Latvia as a separate curriculum relatively recently. According to legislation, the curriculum should consist of study courses, internships and the state exam. Cooperation between all stakeholders is crucial in order to achieve the goal of internship – to increase students’ knowledge and  to develop skills in the study area chosen. The purpose of this study is to explore cooperation between higher educational establishments and companies targeted at enhancing students’ employability skills. The survey was conducted in Latvia by addressing managers of 154 tourism and hospitality industry companies in 2014. The findings showed that only 51.30% of the companies plan interns’ job assignment during internship on the basis of an internship programme and in 35.06% of the cases higher educational establishments do not contact internship companies for feedback at all. This means that, despite the importance of internships in developing students’ skills, cooperation among all stakeholders does not proceed in the best possible manner. It is suggested to improve cooperation at all stages of internship –  at the  planning, organisational and control stages.

scholarly journals “Governance” em Tempo de Pandemia: Um Enquadramento Filosófico

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Orlando Coutinho ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
The Way

The way in which an unknown virus has moved from a local to a global case, taking on a pandemic outline, has caused significant changes in the lives of all human beings. Firstly, for that reason, it is unknown, then because behind the ignorance comes mistrust and fear. Nowadays, these ingredients are - in the political-social space - substance for the biggest factors of action and decision of the actors of the power. Have we been in a war context, as some have said? Was confinement, global and so prolonged, really necessary? Was decreeing a state of emergency essential? Were the exception measures proportional? And are they reversible? This article aims, in the way of the ideas of several authors that thinking about the political philosophical role of health contexts, of exception state, and of political control of the State, in face of public health issues and not only, understand the “state of the art” in the way of governing western democracies, in the firstly, but flying over other geographies and systems as the virus has assumed global contours. And, by means of the concrete measures, politically adopted, by the different political actors, what real impacts they had on the life and the institutions working, and on the psychology of the persons individually or socially considered.

scholarly journals Socjologiczna analiza partycypacji Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w ochronie ludności w stanach nadzwyczajnych

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 307-318
Author(s):  
Jan Maciejewski ◽  
Małgorzata Stochmal
Keyword(s):  
Fire Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
State Security

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE STATE FIRE SERVICE IN CIVIL PROTECTION DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESThe article has atheoretical character — it is based mainly on the presentation of sociology of dispositional groups. The text represents the complexity of the system of state security and the role of actors involved in providing safety. Academic considerations are placed in a sociological orientation enabling a uniform explanation of phenomena related to the state of emergency. The essence of social dispositional groups is presented on the example of The State Fire Service.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Money Management and Control in the State General Authority on Minors and Similar Persons' Funds: An Analytical Study: كفاءة إدارة الأموال والرقابة عليها في الهيئة العامة للولاية على أموال القاصرين  ومن في حكمهم: دراسة تحليلية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SAUD AYED ALSHAHRANI, ALI MUFREH SARHAN
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Money Management ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Control

    There is no doubt that the guardianship of the funds of orphans, minors and the like is of the utmost importance, which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has given keen attention in all respects and has established for this purpose the State General Authority on the funds of minors and the like. And the extent to which it can carry out the objectives for which it was established. Where the purely objectives were, to identify ways to manage these funds. Evaluate the management of these funds and their ability to achieve the purpose of the street, which governs the details and mechanisms of the Authority's work. As well as to identify the role of the supervisory bodies in the maintenance of funds that fall within the competence of the General Authority of the State. The researcher used the analytical research methodology, which was limited to studying the theoretical framework for dealing with the funds of orphans, minors and the like in light of the executive regulations of the Authority. Also, the supervisory principles governing the guarantee and safe keeping and development of such funds. The study concluded that the answer to the research questions was that there is a good management of funds that fall under the mandate of the Commission to ensure their preservation? In addition, what is the role of the financial control bodies stipulated in the Authority's system in preserving these funds and ensuring their safety? In response to the first question, the study finds that the Authority, despite the efforts it is doing, is skeptical in its work, but may be tainted by some shortcomings, represented by some observations on the executive bylaw. Most importantly, the list did not address the termination of the mandate, which emerged as one of the main stages in the legal framework and control. In response to the second question, the Commission did not clarify the mechanisms of control over those funds. The study came up with a number of recommendations, most notably the addition of an article in the executive regulations stating the mechanism of refunding the beneficiaries in case of termination.

scholarly journals “Our Architecture Has Long Acquired Global Significance”: International Contacts of the Union of Soviet Architects in the 1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
E. V. Konysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
And Control

The article is focused on the international contacts of the Soviet architecture in the 1930s. The direct object of the research is the cross-border communications of the Union of Soviet Architects: the tasks and forms of contacts of Soviet architects with foreign colleagues and institutions, as well as the role of the Union of Architects in this process; mechanisms of interaction with the authorities and tactics of the professional community in the context of regulation and control of international relations; conflicting nodes of state and professional interests. It is shown that in its international contacts, the Union of Architects did not appear as an independent actor, as it did not have institutional independence in international communications, autonomy in decision-making and its own resources for the implementation of projects. The institutional nature of the interaction prevailed; personal contacts were minimized and included into collective strategies. The international activity of the Union of Architects was part of the state policy of “cultural diplomacy” and had not only a professional, but also a propaganda-ideological component. The authorities ignored the professional motives of the architectural community if they did not coincide with governmental tasks. However, it is shown that the Union of Architects had its own tactics and realized its professional interests, using the interest of the state in a particular project. As a result, the thesis is presented that state regulation and total control sharply narrowed the possibilities of cross-border communications of the architectural community, distorted their forms and contents, but did not destroy them. The discovery and study of new documents shows that the myth of the cultural autarchy of the Stalinist USSR is not confirmed by the example of an architectural field.

scholarly journals Network Society, Network-centric Warfare and the State of Emergency

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
The State ◽  
Network Society ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Network Attack ◽  
Biopolitical Power ◽  
Strategic Logic

This article describes the new strategic discourse of network-centric warfare that has come to dominate US operational doctrines and concepts as well as strategic thinking. It also describes 11th September as a network attack. The state of exception becomes the rule via the confluence of geopolitical with biopolitical power and the strategic logic of network-centric thinking, and with it the problematization of security goes hyperbolic in the form of `The Terror'.

scholarly journals Parlamentārās kontroles īstenošanas īpatnības un problēmjautājumi Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā

2021 ◽  
pp. 467-473
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Kuzņecovs ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Due to rapid spread of Covid-19 worldwide, Latvian government declared the state of emergency. This decision was adopted by the parliament in order to contain the virus and undertake all the necessary measures to prevent its further spread. At the same time, it is clear that government’s actions undertaken within the state of emergency mostly remain unchecked. The absence of any legal basis for the parliament to extend their oversight during the state of emergency makes role of the parliament in these circumstances unclear. The current position of the parliament precludes political and legal liability over the executive and their officers. Lack of the delegated legislative and human rights restriction clause applicable specifically during the state of emergency raises questions regarding powers of the government and parliamentary control during the state of emergency. The article explores the possible solutions to rectify such flaws in the legal system of the Republic Latvia

scholarly journals Stan wyjątkowy w perspektywie filozofii prawa. Próba definicji

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Weronika Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Character State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Normative Fact ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Hybrid Character ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

The aim of this paper is to propose a definition of the state of exception within the framework of the philosophy of law. The nature of the state of exception is both a legal and a political one. For this reason, it is a subject of inquiry in various disciplines. As a consequence of its hybrid character, state of exception is hard to define, which leads to definitional scepticism. As a criterial definition is impossible to reach, I believe that it should be replaced with a paradigmatic one. Such a definition should take into account the acquis of, among others, philosophy, history or political science, so that it may apply to different methodological approaches. In order to do so, I present the main definitional groups (state of exception as a normative fact, as a constitutional dictatorship, as a political fact, and as a legal void). Next, using the criteria that are common to all those definitions, I propose and analyse three constitutive elements of the state of emergency: a crisis, a suspension of ordinary laws, and a temporary character of this suspension. The definition I propose can help to assess whether a given state is a form of a state of exception. This is of a particular relevance as emergency laws are nowadays widely discussed in the context of terrorist threats.

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