Ordering of the cellular arrangement and xylogenesis in wounded shoots of willow

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Zajączkowska
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Callus Region ◽  
Coherent Orientation ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Cut Surface

Development of living organisms is characterized by self-organization, which results in ordered cell and tissue patterns. Xylem formation in callus tissue may serve as a model to study these phenomena. Applying auxin on the apical transverse cut surface of willow shoot segments stimulates the proliferation of callus with an unorganized cell arrangement. In some areas of callus, the cells form an ordered system and partly differentiate into tracheary elements. Below the cut surface a zone of initially unorganized parenchymatous cells is produced by the cambium. Later, some of the cells formed ordered arrangements giving rise to differentiation in xylem rays with a subsequent layer of normal wood. Digital image processing software based on a structure tensor revealed a more coherent orientation of the cellular pattern in the callus region close to the cambial zone in the cut shoot surface, compared with the areas at further distances near the outer parts of the callus ring. Differentiation of tracheary xylem elements occurs mostly in the regions where a higher degree of cellular ordering in parenchyma tissue is observed. Digital image analysis is a useful tool for the quantitative estimation of subtle changes of cellular ordering in various regions of regenerating tissue. Wider application of this tool may open new opportunities in studies of the complex mechanisms that control morphogenetic patterns in plants.

Quantitative estimation of bioturbation based on digital image analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Dorador ◽  
Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Estimation

scholarly journals A Band Model of Cambium Development: Opportunities and Prospects

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1361
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Shishov ◽  
Ivan I. Tychkov ◽  
Kevin J. Anchukaitis ◽  
Grigory K. Zelenov ◽  
Eugene A. Vaganov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Structure ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Band Model ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Production Variability ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Individual Trees

More than 60% of tree phytomass is concentrated in stem wood, which is the result of periodic activity of the cambium. Nevertheless, there are few attempts to quantitatively describe cambium dynamics. In this study, we develop a state-of-the-art band model of cambium development, based on the kinetic heterogeneity of the cambial zone and the connectivity of the cell structure. The model describes seasonal cambium development based on an exponential function under climate forcing which can be effectively used to estimate the seasonal cell production for individual trees. It was shown that the model is able to simulate different cell production for fast-, middle- and slow-growing trees under the same climate forcing. Based on actual measurements of cell production for two contrasted trees, the model effectively reconstructed long-term cell production variability (up to 75% of explained variance) of both tree-ring characteristics over the period 1937−2012. The new model significantly simplifies the assessment of seasonal cell production for individual trees of a studied forest stand and allows the entire range of individual absolute variability in the ring formation of any tree in the stand to be quantified, which can lead to a better understanding of the anatomy of xylem formation, a key component of the carbon cycle.

scholarly journals The effect of cambial zone isolation upon the autolytic system in maturing tracheids of pine (Pinus silvestris L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Zakrzewski ◽  
Krzysztof Rakowski
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Pinus Silvestris ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Applied Auxin

The autolytic protease system in maturing tracheids of the main stem of <em>Pinus silvestris</em> was investigated after separation (using surgical methods) of the cambial zone from the layer of differentiating xylem, in combination with decapitation and IAA application. Separation of the cambium prevented autolysis of the protoplast in maturing tracheids, although the specific activity of proteases was little reduced. It was found that a radial or longitudinal concentration gradient of exogenously applied auxin was not responsible for autolysis, but that it could influence the level of extracted protein, and proteolytic activity. Similarly, decapitation modified, only to small degree, the effects of the cambium separation. Thus, the data from this experiment lead to the conclusion that integration of all cells in the region of xylem formation is a crucial factor for the start of autolytic protoplast breakdown. Possible involvement of auxin waves in the transfer of the positional information for this process is suggested.

STIMULATION OF CAMBIAL ACTIVITY, LOCALLY IN THE REGION OF APPLICATION AND AT A DISTANCE IN RELATION TO A WOUND, BY MEANS OF HETEROAUXIN

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (9) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Brown ◽  
R. G. H. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Considerable Distance ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Stimulation Of

The application of heteroauxin in lanoline (1 mg. of heteroauxin per gm. of lanoline) to the distal end of disbudded cuttings of leader shoots of balsam poplar, stimulated cambial activity for a distance of 1.0–1.5 in. below the point of application. Marked stimulation of local cambial activity, in relation to a bridged ring some considerable distance below the point of application of the heteroauxin, was also obtained. The response at the wound was distinct and separate from the response in the region of application of the heteroauxin, since in the intervening distance no cambial activity had occurred. The experiments were carried out during the winter months, so that the cambium was dormant in material as it came from the field. Cambial activity subsequent to treatment was estimated in terms of xylem formation. The structural features of this new xylem are described and discussed, with particular reference to the question as to whether heteroauxin stimulates cell division only in the cambium or, in addition, is active in differentiation of typical xylem elements.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF NECTRIA CANKER ON FRAXINUS MANDSHURICA VAR. JAPONICA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽  
Yuko Yamada ◽  
Yuzou Sano ◽  
Yutaka Tamai ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Fraxinus Mandshurica ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Nectria Galligena ◽  
Nectria Canker ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Large Vessels

The anatomical characteristics of Nectria canker on Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica were analyzed. Typical cankers were conspicuous, round to oval, with uniform concentric rings of affected xylem in a target-like structure. Each concentric annual growth ring was wider than the corresponding annual rings lateral to the cankers. The xylem elements were extremely disoriented. The cambial zone became discontinuous and disappeared. An inoculation test with the causal fungus, Nectria galligena, produced similar anatomical abnormalities and revealed the process of canker formation. Fewer and narrower vessels were formed, and water conduction took place only in the large vessels of the current year in the cankers.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

An Overview of Digital Image Processing and Recognition (Invited Paper)

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 700-702
Author(s):  
R. C. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
New York ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Submarine Cable ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Digitized Pictures ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Storage

Interest in digital image processing techniques dates back to the early 1920's, when digitized pictures of world news events were first transmitted by submarine cable between New York and London. Applications of digital image processing concepts, however, did not become widespread until the middle 1960's, when third-generation digital computers began to offer the speed and storage capabilities required for practical implementation of image processing algorithms. Since then, this area has experienced vigorous growth, having been a subject of interdisciplinary research in fields ranging from engineering and computer science to biology, chemistry, and medicine.

A method to measure pores and fissures in geologic materials under S.E.M. by digital image processing

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
L. Montoto ◽  
M. Montoto ◽  
A. Bel-Lan
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Processing ◽  
Free Surfaces ◽  
Geologic Materials ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Detector Output ◽  
Rock Specimens

INTRODUCTION.- The physical properties of rock masses are greatly influenced by their internal discontinuities, like pores and fissures. So, these need to be measured as a basis for interpretation. To avoid the basic difficulties of measurement under optical microscopy and analogic image systems, the authors use S.E.M. and multiband digital image processing. In S.E.M., analog signal processing has been used to further image enhancement (1), but automatic information extraction can be achieved by simple digital processing of S.E.M. images (2). The use of multiband image would overcome difficulties such as artifacts introduced by the relative positions of sample and detector or the typicals encountered in optical microscopy.DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING.- The studied rock specimens were in the form of flat deformation-free surfaces observed under a Phillips SEM model 500. The SEM detector output signal was recorded in picture form in b&w negatives and digitized using a Perkin Elmer 1010 MP flat microdensitometer.

Digital image processing methods applied to the study of annealing time on semiconductor-metal eutectic composites

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 848-849
Author(s):  
J. Hefter
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Eutectic Solidification ◽  
Metal Silicide ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Semiconductor-metal composites, formed by the eutectic solidification of silicon and a metal silicide have been under investigation for some time for a number of electronic device applications. This composite system is comprised of a silicon matrix containing extended metal-silicide rod-shaped structures aligned in parallel throughout the material. The average diameter of such a rod in a typical system is about 1 μm. Thus, characterization of the rod morphology by electron microscope methods is necessitated.The types of morphometric information that may be obtained from such microscopic studies coupled with image processing are (i) the area fraction of rods in the matrix, (ii) the average rod diameter, (iii) an average circularity (roundness), and (iv) the number density (Nd;rods/cm2). To acquire electron images of these materials, a digital image processing system (Tracor Northern 5500/5600) attached to a JEOL JXA-840 analytical SEM has been used.

Complementary Z-Contrast Imaging and Digital Image Processing

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 304-305
Author(s):  
K. N. Colonna ◽  
G. Oliphant
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Biological Tissue ◽  
Biological Imaging ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Z Contrast

Harmonious use of Z-contrast imaging and digital image processing as an analytical imaging tool was developed and demonstrated in studying the elemental constitution of human and maturing rabbit spermatozoa. Due to its analog origin (Fig. 1), the Z-contrast image offers information unique to the science of biological imaging. Despite the information and distinct advantages it offers, the potential of Z-contrast imaging is extremely limited without the application of techniques of digital image processing. For the first time in biological imaging, this study demonstrates the tremendous potential involved in the complementary use of Z-contrast imaging and digital image processing.Imaging in the Z-contrast mode is powerful for three distinct reasons, the first of which involves tissue preparation. It affords biologists the opportunity to visualize biological tissue without the use of heavy metal fixatives and stains. For years biologists have used heavy metal components to compensate for the limited electron scattering properties of biological tissue.

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