15 The Fixers: The Role of the Zhili Grain Brokers in the 1826 Sea Transport Experiment

2015 ◽  
pp. 420-439
Keyword(s):  
Sea Transport ◽  
Transport Experiment

scholarly journals The dominant role of structure for solute transport in soil: experimental evidence and modelling of structure and transport in a field experiment

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Vogel ◽  
I. Cousin ◽  
O. Ippisch ◽  
P. Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Flow And Transport ◽  
Macroscopic Structure ◽  
Transport Experiment ◽  
Tracer Distribution

Abstract. A classical transport experiment was performed in a field plot of 2.5 m2 using the dye tracer brilliant blue. The measured tracer distribution demonstrates the dominant role of the heterogeneous soil structure for solute transport. As with many other published experiments, this evidences the need of considering the macroscopic structure of soil to predict flow and transport. We combine three different approaches to represent the relevant structure of the specific situation of our experiment: i) direct measurement, ii) statistical description of heterogeneities and iii) a conceptual model of structure formation. The structure of soil layers was directly obtained from serial sections in the field. The sub-scale heterogeneity within the soil horizons was modelled through correlated random fields with estimated correlation lengths and anisotropy. Earthworm burrows played a dominant role at the transition between the upper soil horizon and the subsoil. A model based on percolation theory is introduced that mimics the geometry of earthworm burrow systems. The hydraulic material properties of the different structural units were obtained by direct measurements where available and by a best estimate otherwise. From the hydraulic structure, the 3-dimensional velocity field of water was calculated by solving Richards' Equation and solute transport was simulated. The simulated tracer distribution compares reasonably well with the experimental data. We conclude that a rough representation of the structure and a rough representation of the hydraulic properties might be sufficient to predict flow and transport, but both elements are definitely required.

scholarly journals The place and role of the Northern sea route in the formation and development of international economic relations and expansion of the economic potential of the regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Oleg KARPOVICH
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eurasian Continent ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Cargo Transportation

The article considers the basic interests of our state in the development of the Northern sea route, identifies and reveals the features of Russia's competitive struggle for the transit of sea transport from the east to the west of the Eurasian continent. The nature and directions of development of international economic relations using the infrastructure of the Northern sea route are determined. A comparative assessment of the Northern sea route with other cargo transportation channels is given.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF AZERBAIJAN PARTICIPATION IN THE FORMATION OF THE TRANS-CASPIAN TRANSPORT CORRIDOR

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Rustam MAMMADOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Border Crossing ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
International Transport ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Trade Route

The Trans-Caspian International Transport Route has great potential for the development of trade relations between Europe and Asia. Azerbaijan, which is considered to be an important point on the East-West trade route, is extremely interested in the development of this road and the expansion of its transit opportunities. Measures to develop the transport system in the republic are also important for the development of the Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor. Significant steps have been taken in Azerbaijan to develop road, rail and sea transport. Passenger and cargo transportation is carried out on the routes Baku — Aktau and Baku — Turkmenbashi in the Caspian Sea. Nevertheless, the Trans-Caspian transport route is not yet one of the main routes. This is largely due to the presence of bureaucratic barriers and the lack of completion of the modernization of transport infrastructure and logistics systems in the Caspian basin countries. Elimination of these problems, simplification of border crossing procedures and creation of modern logistics centers are important conditions for the development of the TransCaspian Transport Corridor.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Atas Kebijakan Subsidi Public Service Obligation (PSO) Pada PT. PELNI

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Mahpud Sujai
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Sea Transportation ◽  
Public Service Obligation

As an archipelago state, sea transport services play an important role to connect the Indonesian region from the center and big islands to the remote islands and border area. The importance of sea transport caused the vital role of PT. Pelni as government agent in providing services to the community. As the embodiment of public service, government provide subsidy of public service obligation to PT. Pelni in order to support the operational costs and ease the burden on the community with an affordable tariff determination. This paper explores the problems that occur in line with the PSO subsidy policy for the PT. Pelni. This paper recommends that the PSO subsidy to PT. Pelni given based on the realization of the current year. Another recommendation is the importance of maintaining consistency in the determination of the amount of subsidy based on a predetermined calculation mechanism.Keywords: PT. Pelni, PSO Subsidy, Sea Transportation

scholarly journals MERCHANT SHIPPING EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENTWITH ALLOWANCE FOR THE SYSTEM OF RISKS

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Olena Sienko ◽  
◽  
Arsenii Stakhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
Trade Market

The increase in the role of the maritime transport in the international trade determines the tasks of development of the corresponding productive capacity of shipping companies and merchant ports. In accordance with this, the need for enhancement of the technical and ecological fleet reliability and for reduction of the probability of various risks in the stable positioning of the subsystems of the global sea-borne trade market is rising. In line with the positive results of development of the national economic potential of the maritime transport industry, the totality of risks and threats emerges. It is this block of functional activity of the merchant fleet and seaports that determines the tasks and problems of the management and innovative development. The versatility of the results of the economic potential formation in the maritime transport industry determines the complications in decision-making in the system of the large number of operators that seek for the solution of the same main task. At the sametime, in addition to competitive contradictions, the probability and directionsof avoiding various risks inherent in the sea-borne trade market are to be taken into account.It is necessary to differentiate the approach to minimisationof risk manifestation depending on the nature of theircontrollability. From this point of view, the projects to expand the innovative technologies and the tasks of timely consideration of the negative manifestation of negative externalities stand out. The latter, despite the severity of manifestation, may be considered in the projects of innovative compliance. However, it is not enough to consider only the negative manifestation of the external factors among the risks. It is necessary to single out the sustainability risks, determined by the general development of the competitive advantage in the system of the sea-borne trade market. While the role of maritime transport in ensuring the stability of international relations is increasing, the requirements for the reliability of the merchant fleet run high. This becomes the most important characteristic among the totality of reliability factors of the functional activity of sea transport enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the manifestation of a number of negative consequences of large-scale transport development of the world ocean. Usually, an increase in the technogenic load on the natural environment is taken into account and the risks of emergencies remain. In these constraints, it is important to revise the traditional approaches to certain issues of shipping management.

Season, age and adiposity influence death rates in sheep exported by sea

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARB Higgs ◽  
RT Norris ◽  
RB Richards
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Central Factor ◽  
Lower Death Rate

A study was conducted to determine the role of season, age and adiposity in the cause of sheep deaths during sea transport from Fremantle to the Middle East. Death rates were higher in the second half of the year in 4 of 5 years. Shipboard death rates in hogget wethers were approximately half those of adult wethers in each of three methods of comparison. Sheep condition (adiposity) was positively correlated with the proportion of sheep that did not eat pellets in the feedlot (P < 0.05) and with shipboard mortality (P < 0.01) in two of three voyages. Individual sheep that were identified as fat had approximately twice the risk of death from inanition aboard ship than sheep identified as not fat. Adiposity was identified as a central factor leading to a syndrome of persistent inappetance. The pathogenesis of this syndrome in adult wethers may be linked to interference with the seasonal control of appetite and energy metabolism. The lower death rate in younger wethers was attributed to the overriding demands of tissue growth, ensuring a stronger appetite than that seen in adult animals.

Magistral transport as a key link in the Russian transport system

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-321
Author(s):  
J. A. Moroz ◽  
E. M. Ivanova ◽  
K. A. Zabolotskaya ◽  
I. D. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
The Road ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
The World

The subject of the study is the study of the characteristics of cargo flows on the two largest types of main transport (sea and rail) in the world and in Russia. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the expansion of the functional capabilities of main transport, as well as with the complexity and lengthening of logistics supply chains in global commodity exchange, and the intensification of international trade. Methods applied logistics, general theory of systems, analytical, marketing, statistical, project methods, as well as materials of general access and official sites, own research. Researched railway and sea transport modes are characterized, their operational indicators are analyzed, the scale of cargo flows in the world and in Russia is estimated, as well as a brief description of the performance indicators of main modes of transport and the role of railway transport in the Russian economy is described. Russia has railway and marine types of main transport were studied. Taking into account the spatial and geographical location of our country, the importance and role of railway transport are manifested both in domestic transport and in international cross-border logistics, as well as in the organization of cargo transportation in the world’s commodity distribution networks. But along with this, there are huge areas in Russia where the railway network is very rare or absent. It is noted that the attractiveness and importance of rail transport for the carriage of goods due to such reasons as the orientation of the domestic economy on commodity exports (raw materials more profitable to haul trains) and underdevelopment of the road network.

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