The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase

We have counted the currently known, described and accepted number of plant species as ca 374,000, of which approximately 308,312 are vascular plants, with 295,383 flowering plants (angiosperms; monocots: 74,273; eudicots: 210,008). Global numbers of smaller plant groups are as follows: algae ca 44,000, liverworts ca 9,000, hornworts ca 225, mosses 12,700, lycopods 1,290, ferns 10,560 and gymnosperms 1,079. Phytotaxa is currently contributing more than a quarter of the ca 2000 species that are described every year, showing that it has become a major contributor to the dissemination of new species discovery. However, the rate of discovery is slowing down, due to reduction in financial and scientific support for fundamental natural history studies.

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Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.272.1.5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 272 (1) ◽

pp. 82 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

EIMEAR NIC LUGHADHA ◽

RAFAËL GOVAERTS ◽

IRINA BELYAEVA ◽

NICHOLAS BLACK ◽

HEATHER LINDON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Plants ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Land Plants ◽

Seed Plants ◽

Seed Plant ◽

Plant Names ◽

The World ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Plant Families ◽

International Plant

We present revised estimates of the numbers of accepted species of flowering plants (369,434), seed plants (370,492), vascular plants (383,671) and land plants (403,911) based on a recently de-duplicated version of the International Plant Names Index and rates of synonymy calculated from the seed plant families published in the World checklist of selected plant families. Alternative approaches to estimating or calculating the number of accepted plant species are discussed and differences between results are highlighted and interpreted.

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Pengaruh Inflasi, BI Rate, NPF, dan BOPO terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

el-jizya Jurnal Ekonomi Islam ◽

10.24090/ej.v6i1.2051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 133-153

Author(s):

Toufan Aldian Syah

Keyword(s):

Banking Industry ◽

External Factors ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Muslim Country ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Slowing Down ◽

The World ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Test Correlation ◽

The Ideal

Banking industry has a very important role in economic development in a country. Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, certainly has the prospect of the development of Sharia Banking Industry is very good in the future. However, the development of Sharia Bank has been slowing down in recent years and the profitability of sharia comercial banking is still below the ideal value. This study aims to determine the internal factors and external factors that affect the profitability of Sharia Bank in the year of January 2012 until August 2017. The variables used in this study are ROA, Inflation, NPF, and BOPO. The data used is aggregate data of all Sharia Commercial Banks recorded at Bank Indonesia. Measurement of Statistic Description, F-Test, T-Test, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination and Multiple Linear Regression using IBM SPSS 21 software. The results showed that significant negative effect of BI rate, NPF and BOPO was found, while Inflation variable showed negative but not significant. Overall, the above variables affect the ROA of 87.7%, while 12.3% is likely to be influenced by other factors.

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New species list of plants and lichens of Russia for Turboveg for Windows

Vegetation of Russia ◽

10.31111/vegrus/2020.38.151 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 151-156

Author(s):

A. P. Korablev ◽

N. S. Liksakova ◽

D. M. Mirin ◽

D. G. Oreshkin ◽

P. G. Efimov

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Russian Literature ◽

Web Page ◽

Species List ◽

Internet Resources ◽

The World ◽

A New Species ◽

The Web

A new species list of plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries has been developed for Turboveg for Windows, the program, intended for storage and management of phytosociological data (relevés), is widely used all around the world (Hennekens, Schaminée, 2001; Hennekens, 2015). The species list is built upon the database of the Russian website Plantarium (Plantarium…: [site]), which contains a species atlas and illustrated an online Handbook of plants and lichens. The nomenclature used on Plantarium was originally based on the following issues: vascular plants — S. K. Cherepanov (1995) with additions; mosses — «Flora of mosses of Russia» (Proect...: [site]); liverworts and hornworts — A. D. Potemkin and E. V. Sofronova (2009); lichens — «Spisok…» G. P. Urbanavichyus ed. (2010); other sources (Plantarium...: [site]). The new species list, currently the most comprehensive in Turboveg format for Russia, has 89 501 entries, including 4627 genus taxa compare to the old one with 32 020 entries (taxa) and only 253 synonyms. There are 84 805 species and subspecies taxa in the list, 37 760 (44.7 %) of which are accepted, while the others are synonyms. Their distribution by groups of organisms and divisions are shown in Table. A large number of synonyms in the new list and its adaptation to work with the Russian literature will greatly facilitate the entry of old relevé data. The ways of making new list, its structure as well as the possibilities of checking taxonomic lists on Internet resources are considered. The files of the species list for Turboveg 2 and Turboveg 3, the technique of associating existing databases with a new species list (in Russian) are available on the web page https://www.binran.ru/resursy/informatsionnyye-resursy/tekuschie-proekty/species_list_russia/.

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Where we Come from and where to Go: Six Decades of Botanical Studies in the Mediterranean Wetlands, with Sardinia (Italy) as a Case Study

Wetlands ◽

10.1007/s13157-021-01464-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Alba Cuena-Lombraña ◽

Mauro Fois ◽

Annalena Cogoni ◽

Gianluigi Bacchetta

Keyword(s):

Vascular Plants ◽

Vascular Plant ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Temporary Ponds ◽

Evolutionary Strategies ◽

Plant Groups ◽

Research Themes ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Taxonomic Groups ◽

Water Saturated

AbstractPlants are key elements of wetlands due to their evolutionary strategies for coping with life in a water-saturated environment, providing the basis for supporting nearly all wetland biota and habitat structure for other taxonomic groups. Sardinia, the second largest island of the Mediterranean Basin, hosts a great variety of wetlands, of which 16 are included in eight Ramsar sites. The 119 hydro- and hygrophilous vascular plant taxa from Sardinia represent the 42.6% and 37.9% of the number estimated for Italy and Europe, respectively. Moreover, around 30% of Sardinia’s bryological flora, which is made up of 498 taxa, is present in temporary ponds. An overview at regional scale considering algae is not available, to our knowledge, even though several specific studies have contributed to their knowledge. In order to find the most investigated research themes and wetland types, identify knowledge gaps and suggest recommendations for further research, we present a first attempt to outline the work that has been hitherto done on plants in lentic habitats in Sardinia. Three plant groups (algae, bryophytes and vascular plants), and five research themes (conservation, ecology, inventory, palaeobotany and taxonomy) were considered. After a literature review, we retained 202 papers published from 1960 to 2019. We found that studies on vascular plants, as plant group, were disproportionately more numerous, and inventories and ecology were the most investigated research themes. Although efforts have recently been made to fill these long-lasting gaps, there is a need for updating the existing information through innovative methods and integrative approaches.

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Meta-analysis reveals severe pollen limitation for the flowering plants growing in East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region

BMC Ecology ◽

10.1186/s12898-020-00322-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xianfeng Jiang ◽

Yanping Xie

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Pollen Limitation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Biodiversity Hotspot ◽

Clear Relationship ◽

Hengduan Mountains ◽

Independent Data ◽

The World ◽

Global Biodiversity

Abstract Background Pollen limitation occurs widely and has an important effect on flowering plants. The East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region is a global biodiversity hotspot. However, to our knowledge, no study has synthetically assessed the degree of pollen limitation in this area. The present study aims to reveal the degree of pollen limitation for the flowering plants growing on East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains and to test whether the reproductive features or the elevation is closely correlated with the degree of pollen limitation in this area. Results We complied data from 76 studies, which included 96 species and 108 independent data records. We found that the flowering plants in this area undergo severe pollen limitation [overall Hedges’ d = 2.004, with a 95% confidence interval (1.3264, 2.6743)] that is much higher than that of the flowering plants growing in many other regions around the world. The degree of pollen limitation was tested to determine the correlation with the capacity for autonomous self-reproduction and with the pollination pattern (generalized vs. specialized pollination) of plants. In addition, we found a clear relationship between elevation and the degree of pollen limitation, which indicates that plants might undergo more severe pollen limitation in relatively high places. Conclusions This paper is the first to address the severe pollen limitation of the flowering plants growing in East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. Moreover, we reveal the positive correlation between elevation and the degree of pollen limitation.

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The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity

Scientific Data ◽

10.1038/s41597-021-00997-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rafaël Govaerts ◽

Eimear Nic Lughadha ◽

Nicholas Black ◽

Robert Turner ◽

Alan Paton

Keyword(s):

Plant Diversity ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Data Reuse ◽

Global Biodiversity Information Facility ◽

Full Dataset ◽

The World ◽

Technical Validation ◽

International Data ◽

Data Collation

AbstractThe World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is a comprehensive list of scientifically described plant species, compiled over four decades, from peer-reviewed literature, authoritative scientific databases, herbaria and observations, then reviewed by experts. It is a vital tool to facilitate plant diversity research, conservation and effective management, including sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits. To maximise utility, such lists should be accessible, explicitly evidence-based, transparent, expert-reviewed, and regularly updated, incorporating new evidence and emerging scientific consensus. WCVP largely meets these criteria, being continuously updated and freely available online. Users can browse, search, or download a user-defined subset of accepted species with corresponding synonyms and bibliographic details, or a date-stamped full dataset. To facilitate appropriate data reuse by individual researchers and global initiatives including Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Catalogue of Life and World Flora Online, we document data collation and review processes, the underlying data structure, and the international data standards and technical validation that ensure data quality and integrity. We also address the questions most frequently received from users.

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Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2019.0760 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 376 (1821) ◽

pp. 20190760 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

František Baluška ◽

Stefano Mancuso

Keyword(s):

Action Potentials ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Kin Recognition ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Theme Issue ◽

Long Distance ◽

Self Recognition ◽

Seed Dispersers ◽

And Control

Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

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Evolution and environment in the late Silurian-early Devonian: the rise of the pteridophytes

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1985.0076 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 309 (1138) ◽

pp. 147-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Keyword(s):

Vascular Plants ◽

Preliminary Report ◽

Life Histories ◽

Early History ◽

Flora Of Australia ◽

Early Devonian ◽

The World ◽

History Of

A brief review of the major advances since 1979 in Silurian and Devonian palaeobotany is followed by a preliminary report on a Gedinnian assemblage from the Welsh Borderland. This is dominated by rhyniopsids and includes several species of Cooksonia and Salopella . Spores have been isolated from a number of taxa. The assemblage is used to illustrate the problems of recognition and classification of early vascular plants. Parallel sedimentological and palaeogeographical studies permit speculation on the ecology and life histories of the plants that colonized the Old Red Continent. It is concluded that the lack of well preserved and independently dated assemblages from elsewhere in the world (an exception being the Baragwanathia flora of Australia) prevents the detection of any provincialism in the late Silurian and early Devonian and makes generalizations on the early history of vascular plants premature.

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The World Flora Online 2020 project: will Cameroon come up to the expectation?

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201566403 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 961-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jean Michel Onana

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

West African ◽

Tropical Africa ◽

African Countries ◽

Red Data Book ◽

The World ◽

Data Book ◽

Plant Families ◽

High Level

Abstract Biodiverse Cameroon has been highlighted as the top country in tropical Africa for plant species diversity per degree square, with a higher diversity than all other West African countries added together, and including two of the top documented centres of plant diversity in Tropical Africa. Despite its reduced taxonomic capacity, with only six active taxonomists a high level of botanical activity in the country has resulted in accomplishments such as the databasing of the YA Herbarium (over 60,000 records), which has an in-country collection coverage of almost 95% of the known plant species that are recorded for Cameroon. Other accomplishments are the Red Data Book of the Flowering Plants of Cameroon, several local checklists and published volumes of the Flore du Cameroun which covers 37% of the country's species. Currently the checklist of Cameroon records 7,850 taxa at species and infraspecific level. Resources are needed to support and heighten the profile of this small botanical community. Already thanks to strong collaboration between Cameroon and renowned botanical institutes of others countries, in particular France and United Kingdom, one hundred and thirteen plant families have been published and would help this country to complete the recording of its biodiversity towards contributing to the World Flora Online 2020 project.

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SPESIES TUMBUHAN ASLI, INTRODUKSI DAN INVASIF DI PULAU BARRANGCADDI SULAWESI SELATAN

Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan SPERMONDE ◽

10.20956/jiks.v5i1.7036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dody Priosambodo ◽

Khairul Amri ◽

Mahatma Lanuru

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Invasive Plants ◽

South China ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Native Species ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Check List ◽

Field Guide

Penelitian tentang inventarisasi spesies tumbuhan di pulau Barrangcaddi yang berpenduduk padat telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan asli, tumbuhan introduksi dan tumbuhan invasif di Pulau Barrangcaddi. Kegiatan sampling dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Data diambil dengan mencatat semua spesies tumbuhan yang ditemukan selama penjelajahan di pulau Barrangcaddi. Seluruh sampel di foto. Sampel tumbuhan yang tidak diketahui namanya, di ambil bagian-bagiannya, kemudian dikoleksi dan diidentifikasi di laboratorium Ilmu Lingkungan dan Kelautan, Departemen Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Hasanuddin. Identifikasi sampel menggunakan buku: An Annotated Check-List of The Vascular Plants of The South China Sea and Its Shores oleh Turner et al. (2000) dan Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia oleh Wim Giesen et al. (2007) untuk spesies hutan pantai; Tropical flowering plants: a guide to identification and cultivation oleh Kirsten Albrecht Llamas (2003) untuk spesies tanaman hias dan tanaman budidaya/introduksi serta Nonnative Invasive Plants of Pacific Coast Forest. A Field Guide for Identification oleh Gray et al. (2011) dan Guide to The Naturalized and Invasive Plants of Southeast Asia oleh Arne Witt (2017) untuk spesies tumbuhan invasif. Dari hasil penelitian di pulau Barrangcaddi tercatat sebanyak 142 spesies tumbuhan dari 51 suku. Sebagian besar didominasi oleh tanaman hias dan budidaya (introduksi) dengan 103 spesies dari 42 suku diikuti spesies asli (native species) dengan jumlah 29 spesies dari 19 suku. Spesies invasif tercatat paling sedikit dengan jumlah 10 spesies dari 5 suku. Sebagian besar tutupan vegetasi dari spesies asli telah hilang akibat alih fungsi lahan menjadi permukiman.

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