Cocconeis scutellum var. parva (Bacillariophyceae) re-examination and typification

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 343 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
CATHERINE RIAUX-GOBIN ◽  
ANDRZEJ WITKOWSKI ◽  
ANTON IGERSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
South Pacific Ocean ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Variation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Electron microscope (EM) is essential for the morphological description of small taxa, but also reveals taxa hitherto grouped under the same name although presenting marked ultrastructural differences: e.g., Cocconeis scutellum var. parva. The latter taxon has been interpreted differently by authors, while no type has been examined since the original description. A slide from the Grunow’s collection in W, annotated by Albert Grunow as containing C. scutellum var. parva was examined and detailed for the first time. This slide allowed for a more precise definition of C. scutellum var. parva and is here designated as lectotype. This paper analyzes the history of C. scutellum var. parva and attempts to exclude definitions that are too far from the original drawings and from the lectotype illustration. A tropical–population from Rodrigues Island (Indian Ocean) composed of small specimens with stria densities significantly denser than observed on the nominate variety, is here described as an epitype of C. scutellum var. parva and is illustrated with SEM. A small taxon from Tahiti Island (South Pacific Ocean), seemingly close to C. scutellum var. parva, has unique raphe valve valvocopula with cupuliform papillae. The latter specificity is considered a simple variation and may illustrate the range of morphological variability admitted for a taxon.

Reverse Engineering im Spannungsfeld der Sonderschutzrechte

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
German Trade ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Unfair Competition Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

In implementation of Directive (EU) 2016/943, Section 3 (1) No. 2 GeschGehG (German Trade Secrets Act) explicitly legalizes reverse engineering for the first time in the history of German trade secrets law. Subject of this thesis is a comprehensive exploration of this new freedom of reverse engineering. To this end, the author develops a definition of reverse engineering that takes into account the reality of economic life. After a practice-oriented interpretation of Section 3 (1) No. 2 GeschGehG, its effects on the entire legal protection of entrepreneurial know-how are examined. The focus is on the effects on copyright, patent and unfair competition law. In this context, the author develops goal-oriented solutions to various unanswered legal questions.

scholarly journals Diodorus Cronus and Hellenistic Philosophy

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 74-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sedley
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Logic ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
Validity Criteria ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hellenistic Philosophy ◽  
First Time

During the last four decades historians of ancient logic have become increasingly aware of the importance of Diodorus Cronus and his pupil Philo as pioneers of the propositional logic which came to flourish in the Stoa. Their direct influence has so far been recognised in two main areas of Hellenistic controversy – the validity-criteria for conditional propositions, and the definition of the modal terms ‘possible’ and ‘necessary’. But some broader questions have not been satisfactorily answered. What were Diodorus' own philosophical allegiances and antecedents? What is his place in the history of Greek philosophy? How far-reaching was his influence on the post-Aristotelian philosophers?There was little chance of tackling these questions confidently until 1972, when Klaus Döring published for the first time the collected fragments of Diodorus, in his important volume Die Megariker. Meagre though they are, these fragments confirm my suspicion that Diodorus' philosophical background has not been fully explored, and also that his influence on the three emerging Hellenistic schools – the Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics – was far wider than has hitherto been recognised. There has been much discussion as to which earlier philosophers played the most decisive part in shaping Hellenistic philosophy, and the respective claims of the Platonists and of Aristotle have never lacked expert advocacy. In all this, the claims of so obscure a figure as Diodorus have been underrated.

scholarly journals Redescription and notes on the natural history of the arboreal tarantula Iridopelma seladonium (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina M. Almeida-Silva ◽  
Agustín Camacho ◽  
Antonio D. Brescovit ◽  
Sylvia M. Lucas ◽  
Tania K. Brazil
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The original description of this species was based on a single female and no illustrations of reproductive organs were presented. After we collected several specimens identified as I. seladonium, we decided to redescribe this species and discovered that the male, previously described as belonging to this species, was misidentified by MELLO LEITÃO (1923). Thus, in this paper the male of I. seladonium is newly described and the reproductive organs of male and female are described and illustrated in detail. Notes on the behavior and natural history of I. seladonium are presented based on the observation of live specimens in the field and in captivity. An immature of I. seladonium was observed constructing a hinged retreat with silk and little pieces of bark, a behavior not previously seen for other Aviculariinae. Two courtship events were observed and photographed, leg tapping and palpal drumming of the male on female's body and dorsum-ventral movements of the female's abdomen while the male was inserting the embolus were documented to Aviculariinae for the first time. The courtships and mating lasted almost two minutes.

Constituting Freedom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
Free State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
First Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Mode A

This work begins with a question posed by Machiavelli: ‘In what mode a free state, if there is one, can be maintained in corrupt cities; or, if there is not, in what mode to order it.’ The book analyses the different solutions proposed by Machiavelli starting with the hypothesis of the ‘civil principality’, passing through both the definition of the republican ‘civil and free way of life’ and the examination of the history of the Florentine institutions, to two short writings from the years 1520–22. In the Discursus florentinarum rerum and the Minuta di provisione per la riforma dello Stato di Firenze, Machiavelli exposed publicly for the first time, his proposals to bring back republican freedom to Florence after the fall of the first republic and the Medici’s return. The main thesis put forward in this work is that Machiavelli, when he worked for the Medici, was always a committed republican, even if he believed that the city’s constitution needed to change after the fall of Soderini. In the Discursus and in the Minuta Machiavelli proposed a constitution in which the ‘humours’ were forced to mix together in order to generate a new form of ‘equality’ that according to Machiavelli is the main characteristic of a free, just, and stable republic. The aim was not to obtain equilibrium among the parts of the city leaving them unaltered, but to mix them.

The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell Bird
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.

scholarly journals Achnanthes citronella, A. trachyderma comb. nov. (Bacillariophyta) and allied taxa pertaining to the same morphological group

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Riaux-gobin ◽  
Pierre Compère ◽  
Friedel Hinz ◽  
Luc Ector
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Morphological Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scanning Electron

Several diatoms in the family Achnanthaceae (Bacillariophyta), mainly from marine environments, have species with strongly apiculate, lemon-shaped valves. Some of them originally described under the genus Cocconeis (i.e., C. trachyderma or C. citronella), while others were first described as Stauroneis species [i.e. Stauroneis apiculata or S.(?) obesa]. Afterwards, Cocconeis citronella has been recombined within Achnanthes by Hustedt. The type material of C. citronella from Albert Mann’s collection, housed in the Smithsonian Institution (US), has been examined with light microscope; some ambiguities are pointed out and new details added to the original description. The intricate history of the latter taxon is redrawn and comparison with allied taxa are tentatively addressed. Cocconeis trachyderma is lectotypified and recombined as Achnanthes trachyderma comb. nov. Stauroneis apiculata and S.(?) obesa are recombined as Achnanthes apiculata comb. nov. and Achnanthes obesa comb. nov. respectively. The examination with light and scanning electron microscope of several marine samples from the Society Archipelago details the unique morphology of Achnanthes trachyderma which, until recently, has been often misidentified as Achnanthes citronella due to certain similarities between both taxa.

Life history, morphology and distribution of Dipolydora armata (Polychaeta: Spionidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasily I. Radashevsky ◽  
João M. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Egg Capsules ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Interpretation ◽  
First Time

The spionid polychaete Dipolydora armata, a borer in calcareous substrata, is recorded for the first time from Belize, Brazil, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Specimens from these and other localities, as well as the type material of Polydora armata from Madeira Island and Polydora rogeri from the Mediterranean were examined and all the specimens were considered to be conspecific. Dipolydora armata is up to 8 mm long (usually 2–3 mm), with up to 45 segments (usually 25–35 segments), an incised prostomium, caruncle until the end of segment 2, up to 10 pairs of branchiae from segment 7, up to 20 awl-like modified spines per notopodium in up to 15 posterior segments, bilobed or cup-shaped pygidium, hooded hooks from segment 7 accompanied by capillaries throughout the body, major falcate spines of segment 5 with a large lateral tooth and an apical structure covered by fine bristles and appearing as a cowling or third tooth on the convex side of the main fang.  The life history of the species includes a period of asexual reproduction by architomy beginning soon after settlement, then sexual maturation and continuous breeding within an extended period with production of lecithotrophic larvae developing entirely inside egg capsules. Once mature, individuals probably reproduce only sexually and do not undergo additional architomic divisions.  Asexual reproduction results in high morphological variability of adult individuals, particularly in number, size, and arrangement of awl-like spines in notopodia. Polydora rogeri is placed into synonymy of D. armata. The original interpretation of the relationship between the polychaetes and the excavating sponge Cliona viridis as mutualistic symbiosis is discussed. Dipolydora armata is considered to be a widespread non-specialized borer perforating various calcareous substrata.

scholarly journals The documentary heritage of the ZUNR as a means of deepening relations between the Vatican and Ukraine

2013 ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Velykochyy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

The twentieth century in the history of the Ukrainian people was one of the most significant, ambiguous and contradictory. This concerns, first of all, the definition of the strategic vector of the national-state progress of Ukrainians, which at the beginning of the last century, for the first time in almost 350 years of its unsustainable existence, was threatened by the desire to be the master on their own land, the desire to unite in a single congregation's family.

scholarly journals NEW RECORDS OF THE DISTINCTIVE BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS Cabra (DINOPHYCEAE)

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
F. Gómez ◽  
R. M. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
New Records ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
First Time

The benthic dinoflagellate genus Cabra is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea and the South Atlantic Ocean, with additional records in the Caribbean Sea and the eastern Asian coasts. Cabra aremorica is reported for the first time after the original description. However, these records should be considered cautiously because the distinction between Cabra aremorica and C. reticulata is difficult based on routine light microscopy observations. It is uncertain whether there is a high intraspecific morphological variability or several co-occurring undescribed species. Cabra levis, a species recently described, is reported for first time beyond the type locality. Nuevos registros del distintivo género de dinoflagelado bentónico Cabra (Dinophyceae) El dinoflagelado bentónico del géneroCabrase describe por primera vez en el Mar Mediterráneo y el Océano Atlántico Sur, con registros adicionales en el Mar Caribe y las costas orientales de Asia. Cabra aremorica se cita por primera vez después de la descripción original. Sin embargo, estos registros deben ser considerados con cautela porque la distinción entre Cabra aremorica y C. reticulata es difícil basándose solo en observaciones rutinarias de microscopía óptica. No está claro si existe una alta variabilidad morfológica intra-específica o si existen varias especies no descritas que coexisten. Cabra levis, una especie recientemente descrita, se describe por primera vez más allá de su localidad tipo.

Narrating Community: the Qiṣṣat Shakarwatī Farmāḍ and Accounts of Origin in Kerala and around the Indian Ocean

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Kugle ◽  
Roxani Eleni Margariti
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
First Time

The story of an Indian king’s conversion to Islam by the prophet Muhammad and of the subsequent foundation by Arab Muslims of communities and mosques across the sovereign’s former dominion in Kerala appears in various Arabic and Malayalam literary iterations. The most remarkable among them is theQiṣṣat Shakarwatī Farmāḍ. This legend of community origins is here translated from the Arabic in full for the first time. Historians have dealt with such origin stories by transmitting them at face value, rejecting their historicity, or sifting them for kernels of historical truth. The comparative approach adopted here instead juxtaposes theQiṣṣawith a Malayalam folksong and other Indian Ocean narratives of conversion as related in medieval Arabic travel literature to reveal underlying archetypes of just or enlightened kings as sponsors of community. The legend emerges as a crucial primary source for the constitution and self-definition of Islam in Kerala and for the discursive claims of this community vis-à-vis others.

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