scholarly journals Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and Russian

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Wojciech Sosnowski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Frequent Use

Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.

scholarly journals Semantic and grammatical parameters of the homocomplex as

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Typical Function ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Compound Sentence ◽  
Derivatives Of

The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention of linguists to grammatical homonymy. Within the framework of grammatical homonymy, morphological, interpart-of-speech and syntactic homonyms are distinguished. The focus is on the problems of part-of-speech homonymy, in particular on the phenomenon of morphological syncretism due to the ambiguity of structural and semantic features of parts of speech and changes of the morphological status of certain words in different syntagmatic environments. Changes in the categorical-semantic meaning of the lexical unit as, synonymous series of components of the specified sound complex, the nature of the syntagmatic environment, syntactic functions, positional fixation in a certain syntax unit, functional phraseology in compound conjunctions and particles are described. The conceptual scope of the term „homocomplex” is considered, it is defined as a sound complex, which is used to denote the title of a group of functional homonyms and words of the zone of syncretism. It is established that the homocomplex as is represented by three grammatical homonyms such as adverb, conjunction and particle. The source word for the formation of derivatives of the conjunction and particle is the adverb as. In the syntactic position of the adverb, this lexical unit appears in the adverbial position, expressing the following meanings: the question of manner (how?); the degree of detection of an action, state (very, extremely); mode of action (how); time of action (when); indefinite way (somehow). In the syntactic sphere of the conjunction, losing the ability to express a sign, the lexical unit „how” often serves as a means of expressing comparative semantic-syntactic relations; forming phraseologized compounds, it can act as an expression of clauses of condition, time and concession. Not denoting defining and adverbial meanings and not combining parts of a compound sentence, the lexical unit as belongs to the class of particles. A typical function of this particle is an amplifying one. It is complemented by additional semantic shades of meaning, such as „very”, „extremely”, „suddenly”, etc., which serve to express the speaker’s surprise, indignation, dissatisfaction, surprise, and others.

Conversion in Albanian

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-600
Author(s):  
Rrahman Paçarizi
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Approach ◽  
Lexical Approach

Abstract Conversion is a unique way of forming new words, when derived word has the same shape as the original word. In traditional grammars, quite dominant is the definition that during conversions there is a change in the belonging of the part of speech or at least the change of the syntactic category of the word, without any change in the shape. The morpho-syntactic approach is based solely on changing the part of speech, while the lexical approach relies on the creation of the new lexical unit. This paper is an effort to expanded approach and perspective, because conversion in Albanian occurs also within the same parts of speech, or without changing it. While in English and German conversion is one of the most productive ways of word formation, in French, Spanish and Slavic languages it hardly exists. Italian applies conversion in a slightly different way. Albanian, on the other hand, is extremely advanced in this respect, since we have identified more than 500 cases of undoubted conversion as well as hundreds of cases of polysemy with a tendency of dissolution with high chances of differentiation of meaning, making those words new lexical units.

scholarly journals Adverbs in Contrast – Criteria for Distinguishing from Other Parts of Speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Bozinka Petronijevic
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Universal Category ◽  
Opposite Situation ◽  
Formation Systems

This paper attempts at examining and determining, using the vast corpus of Serbian and German languages, whether the part of speech in question exists as such in each of these languages, as well as whether it (adverb) is a universal or specific language category. The research shows that most languages recognise the adverb as a distinctive part of speech, which implies that it is a universal category that can be defined according to the following criteria: a) morphological (adverbs have no flexions, but they undergo comparison with regard to the relative subclass) and syntactic (conditioned by verbs as nucleus, assuming in most cases the function of adverbials as verb complements; b) rare attributive function before nouns and adverbs themselves; c) differences between specific languages, German and Serbian included, are a result of their respective word formation systems. In this particular case, each of the two languages recognises relatively few simple words (simplizia); on the other hand, the explicit (suffixational) derivation is largely productive in Serbian, whereas there is a completely opposite situation in German concerning this issue (although the process is recorded in the latter as well); and, finally, adverb derivatives in Serbian correspond, as a rule, to adjectives and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbials in German.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF TIME-PREPOSITIONS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Yabing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Organic Structure ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
The Russian Language

This article is devoted to the problem of using Russian time-prepositions by foreigners, especially by the Chinese. An analysis of modern literature allows the author to identify the main areas of the work aimed at foreign students’ development of the skills and abilities to correctly build the prepositional combinations and continuously improve the communication skills by means of the Russian language. In this paper, the time-prepositions in the Russian language have been analyzed in detail; some examples of polysemantic use of prepositions, their semantic and stylistic shades alongside with possible errors made by foreign students are presented. The results of the study are to help in developing a system of teaching Russian time-prepositions to a foreign language audience, taking into account their native language, on the basis of the systemic and functional, communicative and activity-centred basis. The role of Russian time-prepositions in constructing word combinations has been identified; the need for foreign students’ close attention to this secondary part of speech has been specified. It has been stated that prepositions are the most dynamic and open type of secondary language units within the quantitative and qualitative composition of which regular changes take place. The research substantiates the need that students should be aware of the function of time-preposition in speech; they are to get acquainted with the main time-prepositions and their meanings, to distinguish prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech as well as to learn stylistic shades of time-prepositions. Some recommendations related to the means of mastering time-prepositions have been given: to target speakers to assimilate modern literary norms and, therefore, to teach them how to choose and use them correctly by means of linguistic keys that are intended to fill the word with true meaning, to give it an organic structure, an inherent form and an easy combinability in the texts and oral speech.

THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
O. Tuhai
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Internal Argument ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Status ◽  
Clausal Complementation ◽  
Communicative Approach ◽  
Clausal Complements ◽  
Form Feature

The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

Unsupervised learning of part-of-speech guessing rules

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREI MIKHEEV
Keyword(s):  
Training Data ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Induction Experiment ◽  
Unknown Words ◽  
The Impact

Words unknown to the lexicon present a substantial problem to part-of-speech tagging. In this paper we present a technique for fully unsupervised acquisition of rules which guess possible parts of speech for unknown words. This technique does not require specially prepared training data, and uses instead the lexicon supplied with a tagger and word frequencies collected from a raw corpus. Three complimentary sets of word-guessing rules are statistically induced: prefix morphological rules, suffix morphological rules and ending guessing rules. The acquisition process is strongly associated with guessing-rule evaluation methodology which is solely dedicated to the performance of part-of-speech guessers. Using the proposed technique a guessing-rule induction experiment was performed on the Brown Corpus data and rule-sets, with a highly competitive performance, were produced and compared with the state-of-the-art. To evaluate the impact of the word-guessing component on the overall tagging performance, it was integrated into a stochastic and a rule-based tagger and applied to texts with unknown words.

DEFINITION OF GRAMMATICAL STATUS PARTICIPATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Vasilievna Artamonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Hybrid Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Problematic Aspect

Communion as part of speech occupies a special place in the structure of the Russian language, since it represents a problematic aspect of grammar. Already when determining the grammatical status of participle, the first difficulties appear, which is associated with hybrid features of participle, since it combines the features of two independent parts of speech - the adjective and the verb. The works of linguists describe different approaches to determining the status of communion. At present, it is possible to state the existence in Russian grammar of several points of view on the definition of the nature of communion.

Understanding the Use of Language Stimuli in Concept Generation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chiu ◽  
L. H. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
New Ideas

Natural language, which is closely linked to thought and reasoning, has been recognized as important to the design process. However, there is little work specifically on understanding the use of language as design stimuli. This paper presents the results of an experiment where verbal protocols were used to elicit information on how designers used semantic stimuli presented as words related to the problem during concept generation. We examined stimulus use at the word level with respect to part-of-speech classes, e.g., verbs, nouns and noun modifiers, and also how stimuli syntactically relate to other words and phrases that represent ideas produced by the participant. While all stimuli were provided in verb form, we found that participants often used stimuli in noun form, but that more new ideas were introduced while using stimuli as verbs and noun modifiers. Frequent use of stimuli in noun form appears to confirm that people tend to think in terms of objects. However, noun use of stimuli introduced fewer new ideas and therefore contributed less to concept formation in our study. This work highlights a possible gap between how people may tend to think, e.g., in terms of nouns, and how new ideas may be more frequently introduced e.g., through verbs and noun modifiers. Addressing this gap may enable development of a language-based concept generation support system to encourage innovative and creative solutions for engineering problems.

The Possessive Adjectives of Late Prakrit

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
L. A. Schwarzschild
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Parts Of Speech

Possessive adjectives are not strictly essential parts of speech; their place can often be taken by the genitive of the personal pronouns. This has led to a certain lack of continuity in their development, which has, however, often been exaggerated. Apart from very isolated survivals like maīa, the Sanskrit possessives had already died out in Prakrit. The Modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars have entirely new formations, the most widespread of which is that in -r-. In the singular one can distinguish three main groups of possessive adjectives in r-:—(1) Western Hindi, as characteristic of the first group has mērō, tērō for the possessive. (Oblique forms of the pronoun are mō, muj, mohi, muhi, and tō, tuj, tohi, tuhi.)(2) Gujarati and most of the Rajasthani dialects except Mewati belong to a second group whose main characteristic is the vowel -a-: Gujarati mārō, tārō (oblique base ma, ta).(3) Eastern Hindi and the Magadhan languages on the whole have -o- as the vowel of the possessive, thus Avadhi mōr, tōr (oblique mō, tō).

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