scholarly journals Semantic and grammatical parameters of the homocomplex as

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Typical Function ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Compound Sentence ◽  
Derivatives Of

The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention of linguists to grammatical homonymy. Within the framework of grammatical homonymy, morphological, interpart-of-speech and syntactic homonyms are distinguished. The focus is on the problems of part-of-speech homonymy, in particular on the phenomenon of morphological syncretism due to the ambiguity of structural and semantic features of parts of speech and changes of the morphological status of certain words in different syntagmatic environments. Changes in the categorical-semantic meaning of the lexical unit as, synonymous series of components of the specified sound complex, the nature of the syntagmatic environment, syntactic functions, positional fixation in a certain syntax unit, functional phraseology in compound conjunctions and particles are described. The conceptual scope of the term „homocomplex” is considered, it is defined as a sound complex, which is used to denote the title of a group of functional homonyms and words of the zone of syncretism. It is established that the homocomplex as is represented by three grammatical homonyms such as adverb, conjunction and particle. The source word for the formation of derivatives of the conjunction and particle is the adverb as. In the syntactic position of the adverb, this lexical unit appears in the adverbial position, expressing the following meanings: the question of manner (how?); the degree of detection of an action, state (very, extremely); mode of action (how); time of action (when); indefinite way (somehow). In the syntactic sphere of the conjunction, losing the ability to express a sign, the lexical unit „how” often serves as a means of expressing comparative semantic-syntactic relations; forming phraseologized compounds, it can act as an expression of clauses of condition, time and concession. Not denoting defining and adverbial meanings and not combining parts of a compound sentence, the lexical unit as belongs to the class of particles. A typical function of this particle is an amplifying one. It is complemented by additional semantic shades of meaning, such as „very”, „extremely”, „suddenly”, etc., which serve to express the speaker’s surprise, indignation, dissatisfaction, surprise, and others.

scholarly journals Modal Verbs in the Modern Chinese Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1126-1133
Author(s):  
O. N. Sadovnikova ◽  
I. V. Sharavieva
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Modal Operators ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Speech Problem ◽  
Special Category

The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as a part of speech. Based on the typology of the Chinese language, the authors analyzed modal verbs according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order of importance. The article discusses the position of modal operators in the sentence and other characteristics. For instance, Chinese modal verbs have no impact on the object and cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, the authors believe that Chinese modal verbs (modal operators) belong to the lexical-grammatical group of adverbs as a special category of intentional adverbs. Their intentionality reflects the outward focus of linguistic consciousness, based on the internal reference point of the speaker. The group includes such meanings as "wish", "obligation", "opportunity", "permission", and "will". The research owes its theoretical significance to the fact that it contributes to a better understanding of the essence and nature of modal operators and modality meanings, identifying them as a separate group of adverbs. The obtained results are applicable in the field of theoretical grammar of the Chinese language and can be used in researches related to further analysis of parts of speech problem in the Chinese language.

scholarly journals Chinese Microblog Topic Detection through POS-Based Semantic Expansion

Information ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianhong Ding ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Peng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Topic Detection ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Lexical Resource ◽  
New Type ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Semantic Expansion

A microblog is a new type of social media for information publishing, acquiring, and spreading. Finding the significant topics of a microblog is necessary for popularity tracing and public opinion following. This paper puts forward a method to detect topics from Chinese microblogs. Since traditional methods showed low performance on a short text from a microblog, we put forward a topic detection method based on the semantic description of the microblog post. The semantic expansion of the post supplies more information and clues for topic detection. First, semantic features are extracted from a microblog post. Second, the semantic features are expanded according to a thesaurus. Here TongYiCi CiLin is used as the lexical resource to find words with the same meaning. To overcome the polysemy problem, several semantic expansion strategies based on part-of-speech are introduced and compared. Third, an approach to detect topics based on semantic descriptions and an improved incremental clustering algorithm is introduced. A dataset from Sina Weibo is employed to evaluate our method. Experimental results show that our method can bring about better results both for post clustering and topic detection in Chinese microblogs. We also found that the semantic expansion of nouns is far more efficient than for other parts of speech. The potential mechanism of the phenomenon is also analyzed and discussed.

Conversion in Albanian

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-600
Author(s):  
Rrahman Paçarizi
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
New Words ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Approach ◽  
Lexical Approach

Abstract Conversion is a unique way of forming new words, when derived word has the same shape as the original word. In traditional grammars, quite dominant is the definition that during conversions there is a change in the belonging of the part of speech or at least the change of the syntactic category of the word, without any change in the shape. The morpho-syntactic approach is based solely on changing the part of speech, while the lexical approach relies on the creation of the new lexical unit. This paper is an effort to expanded approach and perspective, because conversion in Albanian occurs also within the same parts of speech, or without changing it. While in English and German conversion is one of the most productive ways of word formation, in French, Spanish and Slavic languages it hardly exists. Italian applies conversion in a slightly different way. Albanian, on the other hand, is extremely advanced in this respect, since we have identified more than 500 cases of undoubted conversion as well as hundreds of cases of polysemy with a tendency of dissolution with high chances of differentiation of meaning, making those words new lexical units.

scholarly journals Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and Russian

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Wojciech Sosnowski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Frequent Use

Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF TIME-PREPOSITIONS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Yabing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Organic Structure ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
The Russian Language

This article is devoted to the problem of using Russian time-prepositions by foreigners, especially by the Chinese. An analysis of modern literature allows the author to identify the main areas of the work aimed at foreign students’ development of the skills and abilities to correctly build the prepositional combinations and continuously improve the communication skills by means of the Russian language. In this paper, the time-prepositions in the Russian language have been analyzed in detail; some examples of polysemantic use of prepositions, their semantic and stylistic shades alongside with possible errors made by foreign students are presented. The results of the study are to help in developing a system of teaching Russian time-prepositions to a foreign language audience, taking into account their native language, on the basis of the systemic and functional, communicative and activity-centred basis. The role of Russian time-prepositions in constructing word combinations has been identified; the need for foreign students’ close attention to this secondary part of speech has been specified. It has been stated that prepositions are the most dynamic and open type of secondary language units within the quantitative and qualitative composition of which regular changes take place. The research substantiates the need that students should be aware of the function of time-preposition in speech; they are to get acquainted with the main time-prepositions and their meanings, to distinguish prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech as well as to learn stylistic shades of time-prepositions. Some recommendations related to the means of mastering time-prepositions have been given: to target speakers to assimilate modern literary norms and, therefore, to teach them how to choose and use them correctly by means of linguistic keys that are intended to fill the word with true meaning, to give it an organic structure, an inherent form and an easy combinability in the texts and oral speech.

Morphemic and Syntactic Phrasemes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-74
Author(s):  
Igor Mel’čuk
Keyword(s):  
Light Weight ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Loaded Surface ◽  
Syntactic Relations

Abstract A morphemic phraseme is a phraseme (= a constrained combination of linguistic signs) composed of morphemes that are part of the same wordform. Like a lexemic phraseme, a morphemic phraseme has a segmental signifier. All logically possible types of morphemic phrasemes are presented and illustrated: morphemic idioms, collocations, nominemes and clichés. Formally, these can be phraseologized complex stems, phraseologized complex affixes and phraseologized wordforms. A syntactic phraseme is a phraseme that includes at least two minimal syntactic subtrees and whose signifier is non-segmental (it involves prosody or an operation). All syntactic phrasemes are idioms. A syntactic idiom must be distinguished from 1) phrases described by means of semantically loaded surface-syntactic relations; 2) phrases consisting of a lexical unit taken together with its actants; 3) lexemic phrasemes consisting of “light-weight” words, such as Rus. ˹nu i˺ [X]! lit. ‘Well and [X]’ = ‘What an amazing X!’, and 4) lexemic phrasemes with syntactic pecularities. The notion of fictitious lexeme, necessary for designating some syntactic idioms (those that are expressed only by prosody), is introduced. An illustrative list of 29 Russian syntactic idioms is presented, as well as the lexical entries for several Russian syntactic idioms.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

scholarly journals Derivation of nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti, that belong to the categorial value ʿto be something/ someone or such as what is denoted by the base word’

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Anželika Gaidienė
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Version ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
First Category ◽  
Electronic Dictionary ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Living Being

  The article deals with nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti that have common categorical meaning ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word.' The object of the research consists of 239 verbs found in the electronic Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and 236 corresponding verbs from the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. According to the derivational meaning (darybos reikšmė), the verbs under investigation are classified into two groups: 1) verbs that mean ‘to be what is denoted by the base word' (they constitute 83% of all verbs that are analysed here) and 2) verbs, meaning ‘to be such as denoted by the base word' (17%). The verbs of the first category are further subdivided into four subclasses: 1) ‘to be someone denoted by the base word (not in the sense of work)' (they make up 69% of all the verbs of the first group), 2) ‘to work as what is denoted by the base word' (25%), 3) ‘to behave as behaves a person or another living being denoted by the base word' (5%) and 4) verbs denoting ‘states, processes that arise from the thing denoted by the base word' (only 1%).The derivatives of these subclasses are further divided according to the part of speech of the base words (nouns, adjectives or numerals) and the type of derivation (simple forms or derivatives: suffix, prefix, inflection or compounds). The investigation carried out has demonstrated that the verbs derived from nominals by adding the suffix -(i)auti which belong to the category meanings ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word' in standard language have few suffix and stem variants, they are not very characteristic of root vowel and consonant change, their base words do not vary a lot. 

scholarly journals Constructions of the Cardinal Numerals with the Words Which Belong to Them in the Kievo-Pecherskiy Paterikon

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
István Pozsgai
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Russian Edition ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Syntactic Properties

The aim of this work is to examine the system of the syntactic relations of the cardinal numerals with the words which belong to them in the Kievo-Pecherskiy Paterikon that was compiled in the 13th century. The manuscript on the basis of which the text was published was copied in the late 15th – early 16th centuries. I am mainly searching those phenomena, which can give information about the conditions of the genesis and development of the numerals as a new independent part of speech. I am paying attention to the phenomena which can be connected with the unification of the several types of the syntactic relations of the cardinal numerals with their associated words. I am searching for all quantitative constructions except for the constructions containing the numeral 1 as a prime numeral. The found quantitative constructions are grouped according to the type of combination of cardinal numerals with names or participles. Particular attention is paid to the combinations of quantitative numerals with related words, which differ from the norms of other monuments, such as the Old Church Slavonic language of the Russian edition, Old Russian and early Russian Church Slavonic monuments, since it is these phenomena that can indicate the process of acquiring general morphological and syntactic properties by cardinal numerals. On the basis of the quantitative constructions that do not correspond to the above-mentioned norms, three important grammatical phenomena are distinguished that can indicate the process of replacing old norms with new ones. As a contrast I am showing data from the other manuscripts.

Unsupervised learning of part-of-speech guessing rules

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREI MIKHEEV
Keyword(s):  
Training Data ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Rule Sets ◽  
Induction Experiment ◽  
Unknown Words ◽  
The Impact

Words unknown to the lexicon present a substantial problem to part-of-speech tagging. In this paper we present a technique for fully unsupervised acquisition of rules which guess possible parts of speech for unknown words. This technique does not require specially prepared training data, and uses instead the lexicon supplied with a tagger and word frequencies collected from a raw corpus. Three complimentary sets of word-guessing rules are statistically induced: prefix morphological rules, suffix morphological rules and ending guessing rules. The acquisition process is strongly associated with guessing-rule evaluation methodology which is solely dedicated to the performance of part-of-speech guessers. Using the proposed technique a guessing-rule induction experiment was performed on the Brown Corpus data and rule-sets, with a highly competitive performance, were produced and compared with the state-of-the-art. To evaluate the impact of the word-guessing component on the overall tagging performance, it was integrated into a stochastic and a rule-based tagger and applied to texts with unknown words.

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