Longitudinal Changes in Spherical Equivalent Refractive Error Among Children With Preschool Myopia

We investigated longitudinal changes in the spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) in hyperopic children with or without refractive accommodative esotropia (AccET). A total of 456 patients met the inclusion criteria: 190 (41.7%) in the hyperopic control group and 266 (58.3%) in the AccET group. All patients received at least 3 years of follow-up after spectacle prescription. Subgroups were divided according to age when spectacles were prescribed, presence of amblyopia, or initial SE. Longitudinal changes in SE in children with hyperopia showed a gradual decrease, although SE of younger children with AccET increased over the first 4 years and then decreased thereafter. SE in eye with higher SE was tended to decrease significantly in patient with Acc ET than hyperopic control group (group × time p = 0.015). Amblyopic eyes showed a greater decreased in SE compared with non-amblyopic eyes, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). SE was significantly decreased in children with more hyperopia (≥ 3 D) compared with children with less hyperopia (<3 D) (p = 0.008). Emmetropization of hyperopia was faster in hyperopic patients without AccET and could be affected by the age of the initial spectacles prescription, initial amount of SE, or presence of amblyopia.

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Longitudinal changes in the spherical equivalent refractive error of children with accommodative esotropia

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjo.2005.078105 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 357-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

S R Lambert

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Longitudinal Changes ◽

Accommodative Esotropia

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Myopia progression from wearing first glasses to adult age: the DREAM Study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316234 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316234

Author(s):

Jan Roelof Polling ◽

Caroline Klaver ◽

Jan Willem Tideman

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Refractive Error ◽

High Myopia ◽

Prognostic Indicator ◽

Treatment Intensity ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Adult Age

PurposeData on myopia progression during its entire course are scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate myopia progression in Europeans as a function of age and degree of myopia from first prescription to final refractive error.MethodsThe Drentse Refractive Error and Myopia Study assessed data from a branch of opticians in the Netherlands from 1985 onwards in a retrospective study. First pair of glasses prescribed was defined as a spherical equivalent of refraction (SER) ≤−0.5 D to ≥−3.0 D. Subjects with prescriptions at an interval of at least 1 year were included in the analysis.ResultsA total of 2555 persons (57.3% female) met the inclusion criteria. Those with first prescription before the age of 10 years showed the strongest progression (−0.50 D; IQR: −0.75 to −0.19) and a significantly (p<0.001) more negative median final SER (−4.48 D; IQR: −5.37 to −3.42). All children who developed SER ≤−3 D at 10 years were highly myopic (SER ≤−6D) as adults, children who had SER between −1.5 D and −3 D at 10 years had 46.0% risk of high myopia, and children with SER between −0.5 D and −1.5 D had 32.6% risk of high myopia. Myopia progression diminished with age; all refractive categories stabilised after age 15 years except for SER ≤−5 D who progressed up to −0.25 D annually until age 21 years.ConclusionOur trajectories of the natural course of myopia progression may serve as a guide for myopia management in European children. SER at 10 years is an important prognostic indicator and will help determine treatment intensity.

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A calculator proposal for estimating refractive error after 3 years using the onset biometric values in primary school children: a cohort study

10.22541/au.161971139.95061043/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Feride Tuncer Orhan ◽

Haluk Huseyin Gürsoy

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Anterior Chamber ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Axial Length ◽

Anterior Chamber Depth ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Final Data ◽

The Mean

Aim To evaluate consecutive measurements of the biometric parameters, age, and refraction error in a Turkish population at primary school age. Materials and Methods A total of 197 children aged between 7-12 years were included. The data of three consecutive measurements of children, who were examined at least once a year for three years using both cycloplegic auto-refractometry and optical biometry, were used in this retrospective study. Spherical equivalent <-0.50D was considered to be myopic; >+0.75D was considered to be hypermetropic. Age, gender, body mass index, spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, keratometry, and lens thickness were analyzed. The onset data obtained in 2013 whereas, the final data were from 2015. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed (p<0.05). Results The mean of the onset and the final spherical equivalents were 0.19D (0.56), and 0.08D (0.80), respectively. The myopia prevalence was increased among refractive errors in observation periods (univariable analysis p=0.029; multivariable analysis p=0.017). The onset axial length (HR:4.55, 95%CI:2.87-7.24, p<0.001), keratometry (HR:2.04, 95%CI:1.55-2.67, p<0.001) and age (HR:0.73, 95%CI: 0.57-0.92, p=0.009) correlated myopia progression. To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent, the onset data were included in the logistic regression model. The onset data of spherical equivalent (β=0.916, p<0.001), axial length (β=-0.451, p<0.001), anterior chamber depth (β=0.430, p=0.005) and keratometry (β=-0.172, p<0.001) were found to be significantly associated with the mean SE at the final data. Conclusions To calculate the estimated spherical equivalent following three years, an equation was proposed. The estimated refractive error of children can be calculated by using the proposed equation with the associated onset optical parameters.

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MRI of posterior eye shape and its associations with myopia and ethnicity

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315020 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2019-315020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laurence Shen Lim ◽

Saiko Matsumura ◽

Hla Myint Htoon ◽

James Tian ◽

Shin Bin Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Brain Mri ◽

Whole Body ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Adult Participants ◽

Multiethnic Cohort ◽

Disease Study ◽

Body Scanner ◽

Chinese Subjects

PurposeTo evaluate posterior eye shape variations across a wide refractive error range using brain MRI in a multiethnic cohort.MethodsAdult subjects in the multiethnic Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease study were included. Spherical equivalent (SE) was measured using subjective refraction, and axial length (AL) was measured using optical biometry. MRI was performed using a 3-Tesla whole body scanner with a 32-channel head coil. The radii and asphericity based on fitting of the posterior two-thirds of the eye (240°) were calculated. The refractive error status was categorised as myopic (SE<−0.5 D) or non-myopic (SE≥−0.5 D).ResultsA total of 450 adult participants (mean age 64.2±6.5 years old) were included. Less oblate asphericity was associated with more myopic SE, longer AL and with a refractive error categorisation of myopia (p<0.001 for all). Asphericity values were less oblate in myopic compared with non-myopic eyes (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that Chinese subjects had less oblate eyes than Malay and Indian subjects, especially in non-myopic eyes.ConclusionsA less oblate posterior eye shape was associated with myopic eyes. Chinese eyes have less oblate shapes than Malay and Indian eyes, especially in non-myopic eyes.

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Influence of refractive error on pupil diameters in highly myopic eyes with implantable collamer lenses

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/1120672119863716 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 1328-1334

Author(s):

Yi Zhu ◽

Yu Yue ◽

Haobin Zhu ◽

Jili Chen ◽

Jibo Zhou

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

High Myopia ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Implantable Collamer Lens ◽

Lighting Conditions ◽

Lens Implantation ◽

Group A ◽

Icl V4c ◽

Percent Decrease

Purpose: To investigate the influence of refractive error on pupil diameters in highly myopic eyes with implantable collamer lenses. Setting: Shanghai, China. Design: A prospective consecutive observational study. Methods: Sixty-six eyes of 66 patients that underwent ICL V4c implantation were included. Pupil diameters before and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery were measured using an automatic pupillometry system (MonCv3; Metrovision, Pérenchies, France) under four standardized illumination conditions: 0, 1, 10, and 100 cd/m2. The correlations between changes in pupil diameter and spherical equivalent values and patient age were investigated. Results: Based on preoperative spherical equivalent values, included eyes were divided into a high-myopia group (–6.3 to −9.9 D (diopters)) and a super-high-myopia group (–10 to −20 D). Pupil sizes remained unchanged after surgery in the high-myopia group and decreased at 1 and 10 cd/m2 in the super-high-myopia group. A between-group comparison showed that pupils were significantly smaller in the super-high-myopia group 1 week postoperatively under all illumination conditions and remained smaller at 1 month and 3 months under 1 and 10 cd/m2 lighting conditions. Preoperative spherical equivalent values were significantly correlated with the percent decrease in pupil diameter 1 week postoperatively under 0, 1, and 10 cd/m2 illumination conditions; the greater the degree of myopia, the greater the reduction in pupil diameter. Conclusion: Preoperative refractive error significantly affects pupil diameter in highly myopic eyes after implantable collamer lens implantation. Pupils of super highly myopic eyes remained smaller than preoperative levels under mesopic conditions after implantable collamer lens implantation.

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Correlation between refractive state, corneal thickness, and keratometry in ametropic patients

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/1120672119845609 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 891-896

Author(s):

Amir Rosenblatt ◽

Michael Mimouni ◽

Tzahi Sela ◽

Gur Munzer ◽

David Varssano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Refractive Surgery ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Male And Female ◽

Tel Aviv ◽

Refractive State ◽

Patient Demographics

Purpose: To analyze the correlation between age, gender, refractive error, keratometry, and corneal thickness in a large group of subjects. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent refractive surgery between January 2000 and February 2015 at Care Vision Refractive Clinic, Tel Aviv, Israel. Patient demographics, subjective refraction, pachymetry, and average keratometry were collected. Results: Overall, 51,113 eyes of patients averaging 28.8 ± 9.3 years of which 53.9% were males were included. Average keratometry, spherical equivalent and cylindrical error differed significantly between male and female subjects (p < 0.001), while pachymetry did not (p = 0.332). In myopic eyes, correlations between age, pachymetry, average keratometry, spherical equivalent, and cylindrical error were all statistically significant except for the correlation between age and either pachymetry (p = 0.462) or spherical equivalent (p = 0.016). All correlations found were negligible or small (|r|= 0.003 to 0.141). In hyperopic eyes, correlations between age, pachymetry, average keratometry, spherical equivalent, and cylindrical error were all statistically significant except for the correlation between average keratometry and either pachymetry or cylindrical error (p = 0.344 or p = 0.274, respectively). All correlations found were negligible or small, except for a moderate correlation found between age and cylindrical error (r = 0.365). Conclusion: Refractive state, pachymetry, and keratometry of refractive surgery candidates are mostly weakly correlated.

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Impact of the Pressure-Free Yutori Education Program on Myopia in Japan

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10184229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 4229

Author(s):

Satoshi Ishiko ◽

Hiroyuki Kagokawa ◽

Noriko Nishikawa ◽

Youngseok Song ◽

Kazuhiro Sugawara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Medical Students ◽

Observational Study ◽

Refractive Error ◽

High Myopia ◽

School Curriculum ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

The Government ◽

Medical University

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of Asahikawa Medical University underwent measurements of the cycloplegic refractive error and axial length (AL), from 2011 to 2020. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were correlated significantly with the fiscal year of births (p = 0.004 and p = 0.034, respectively) only during enforcement of the system of high-pressure education. The SE and AL regression rates during the two educational approaches differed significantly (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high myopia was correlated significantly (p < 0.001) only during the system of high-pressure education. The regression of the prevalence rate of high myopia during the two education approaches differed significantly (p = 0.010). The progression rates of myopia and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education, suggesting that not only ophthalmologists but also educators and the government should work on together to control the progression of myopia.

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The Prevalence and Pattern of Refractive error in Ogun State, Nigeria

Babcock University Medical Journal (BUMJ) ◽

10.38029/bumj.v1i2.9 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

UO Aham-Onyebuchi ◽

OO Jagun ◽

A Betiku ◽

O Olijide ◽

M Leshi

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Primary Health Care System ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ogun State ◽

Primary Health ◽

Subjective Assessments ◽

Study Population ◽

Descriptive Survey

Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors in Ogun State, Nigeria. The prevalence of blindness was also determined. Method: A cross sectional descriptive survey. Participants aged 15years and above were randomly selected from 1125 attendees of different community medical outreaches conducted in 5 Local government areas of Ogun State between August 2012 and March 2013. Participants underwent ocular examination and refraction (automated objective and subjective assessments). Results: The sample consisted of 780 participants. Their mean age was 49.14 (±18.37), and 52.8% were females. About two-thirds [67.7%] had presenting visual acuity [VA] of at least 6/18, while 14.3% were legally blind [VA worse than 3/60].Astigmatism was the most prevalent refractive error [40%] but on conversion tospherical equivalents, hyperopia [28.5%] became the most prevalent error. Apart from refractive errors, cataract and glaucoma were found to be the other major causes of visual impairment amongst the respondents. Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive errors and blindness in the study population was higher than previously documented with hyperopia being the most prevalent spherical equivalent refractive error. An urgent integration of primary eye care into the existing primary health care system for prevention of blindness is advocated.

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Intraocular pressure and circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA): distributions and associations

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316499 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316499

Author(s):

Paul McCann ◽

Ruth Hogg ◽

David M Wright ◽

Usha Chakravarthy ◽

Tunde Peto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

The Mean ◽

Male Sex ◽

Nerve Fibre Layer

AimsTo describe the distributions of and associations with intraocular pressure (IOP) and circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cRNFL) thickness in a population-based study.MethodsNorthern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing participants underwent a computer-assisted personal interview, a self-completion questionnaire and a health assessment (HA). At the HA, participants underwent IOP measurement using Ocular Response Analyser and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with Heidelberg Spectralis. Participants also underwent a range of anthropometric, ophthalmic, cardiovascular, cognition and blood tests. Participants who attended the HA and had a vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) measurement in at least one eye were eligible for the study. Participants without any IOP or cRNFL measurements were excluded from the respective analyses.ResultsThere were 3221 participants eligible for this study (5753 eyes included in the IOP analysis and 5461 eyes included in the cRNFL analysis). The mean (SD) Goldmann correlated IOP (IOPg) was 15.39 mm Hg (3.55 mm Hg). The mean (SD) average global cRNFL thickness was 94.39 µm (11.18 µm). Increased IOPg was associated with increased age, male sex, hypertension, refractive error (myopic decrease in spherical equivalent) and increased corneal resistance factor, while beta-blocker drug use was associated with lower IOPg in the fully adjusted multivariate analysis. Thinner average global cRNFL was associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model. In the fully adjusted multivariate analysis, increased age, male sex, left eyes, hypertension, increased VCDR, refractive error (myopic decrease in spherical equivalent) and increased IOPg were associated with thinner average global cRNFL, while Parkinson’s disease and current (vs never) smoking status were associated with thicker average global cRNFL.ConclusionsIncreased IOP and reduced cRNFL were associated with increased age, myopic refractive error, male sex and hypertension. Alzheimer’s disease was associated with thinner average global cRNFL, while Parkinson’s disease was associated with thicker average global cRNFL.

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