scholarly journals Data Analysis of Upper Atmosphere Temperature Detected by Sounding Rockets in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Li ◽  
Z. Sheng ◽  
Z. Q. Fan ◽  
S. D. Zhou ◽  
W. L. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Data ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Sounding Rockets ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature ◽  
The Mean

AbstractSounding rockets launched by China have collected data on the upper atmosphere for nearly 50 years. In this work, the data accuracy and variable characteristics of upper atmosphere temperature data, gathered at heights of 20–60 km over Jiuquan, China, during 1974–2014, were analyzed. The relative accuracy of sounding rocket temperature data was determined by comparing the data with Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) model data by season, and with Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) from the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite by year. The sounding rocket temperature data showed differences from MSIS in every season, with the minimum difference occurring in summer, the next smallest difference in winter, and the maximum difference occurring in autumn. The sounding rocket data showed smaller differences from the SABER data, although the deviation still fluctuated depending on the date and hour of the observations. In addition, the temperature distributions of the temperature profiles were examined at different times at the same heights. By linearly fitting the mean temperature profiles of each season, the statistical characteristics of the temperature changes with height were explored.

Hole Size Effect on Hemisphere Pressure Distributions

1967 ◽  
Vol 71 (676) ◽  
pp. 317-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Morrison ◽  
L. M. Sheppard ◽  
M. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Similar Technique ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Sounding Rockets ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mach Numbers ◽  
Preliminary Consideration

During 1961 preliminary consideration was given by the Weapons Research Establishment to the possibility of measuring the structure of the upper atmosphere by pressure probes on sounding rockets. A similar technique had been used with success in the USA. It was proposed that velocity be measured and that an incidence meter be used to measure pitot and static pressures, from which atmospheric pressure and density could be calculated. There was available at the time comprehensive calibration information on hemispherical-headed incidence meters at Mach numbers below 3. Since the sounding rocket would be flying within the Mach number range 3 to 6 there was a need to extend the existing calibrations to higher Mach numbers. At first it seemed that the results of Baer would do this, but a closer examination showed that his results did not agree with the incidence meter calibrations.

Future Possibilities

1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (608) ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Cornford
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Space Research ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Attitude Measurement ◽  
Sounding Rockets ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Future ◽  
Complementary Part ◽  
Experimental Facilities

MR. Hazell has outlined some of the future improvements both in performance and in experimental facilities—such as attitude measurement or control— which it is hoped to be able to offer for Upper Atmosphere Research in the sounding rocket Skylark. I propose to try to look further ahead and, in particular, into the future possibilities in the United Kingdom of upper atmosphere and space research in earth satellites.But before doing this I should like to rehearse briefly some of the arguments which suggest that sounding rockets and earth satellites will have a complementary part to play in upper atmosphere and space research in the future.

scholarly journals Gravity-wave-perturbed wind shears derived from SABER temperature observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 14437-14456
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Jiyao Xu ◽  
Jia Yue ◽  
Hanli Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Mesopause Region ◽  
Sounding Rockets ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Ionospheric Electrodynamics ◽  
Wind Shears ◽  
Large Wind ◽  
Cutoff Criterion

Abstract. Large wind shears around the mesopause region play an important role in atmospheric neutral dynamics and ionospheric electrodynamics. Based on previous observations using sounding rockets, lidars, radars, and model simulations, large shears are mainly attributed to gravity waves (GWs) and modulated by tides (Liu, 2017). Based on the dispersion and polarization relations of linear GWs and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature data from 2002 to 2019, a method of deriving GW-perturbed wind shears is proposed. The zonal-mean GW-perturbed shears have peaks (13–17 ms−1 km−1) at around the mesopause region, i.e., at z = 90–100 km at most latitudes and at z = 80–90 km around the cold summer mesopause. This latitude–height pattern is robust over the 18 years and agrees with model simulations. The magnitudes of the GW-perturbed shears exhibit year-to-year variations and agree with the lidar and sounding rocket observations in a climatological sense but are 60 %–70 % of the model results in the zonal-mean sense. The GW-perturbed shears are hemispherically asymmetric and have strong annual oscillation (AO) at around 80 km (above 92 km) at the northern (southern) middle and high latitudes. At middle to high latitudes, the peaks of AO shift from winter to summer and then to winter again with increasing height. However, these GW-perturbed shears may be overestimated because the GW propagation direction cannot be resolved by the method and may be underestimated due to the observational filter, sampling distance, and cutoff criterion of the vertical wavelength of GWs.

scholarly journals Attitude and Heading Estimation for Indoor Positioning Based on the Adaptive Cubature Kalman Filter

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Jijun Geng ◽  
Linyuan Xia ◽  
Dongjin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Angular Rate ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Fading Memory ◽  
Limited Memory ◽  
Cubature Kalman Filter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heading Estimation

The demands for indoor positioning in location-based services (LBS) and applications grow rapidly. It is beneficial for indoor positioning to combine attitude and heading information. Accurate attitude and heading estimation based on magnetic, angular rate, and gravity (MARG) sensors of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) has received increasing attention due to its high availability and independence. This paper proposes a quaternion-based adaptive cubature Kalman filter (ACKF) algorithm to estimate the attitude and heading based on smart phone-embedded MARG sensors. In this algorithm, the fading memory weighted method and the limited memory weighted method are used to adaptively correct the statistical characteristics of the nonlinear system and reduce the estimation bias of the filter. The latest step data is used as the memory window data of the limited memory weighted method. Moreover, for restraining the divergence, the filter innovation sequence is used to rectify the noise covariance measurements and system. Besides, an adaptive factor based on prediction residual construction is used to overcome the filter model error and the influence of abnormal disturbance. In the static test, compared with the Sage-Husa cubature Kalman filter (SHCKF), cubature Kalman filter (CKF), and extended Kalman filter (EKF), the mean absolute errors (MAE) of the heading pitch and roll calculated by the proposed algorithm decreased by 4–18%, 14–29%, and 61–77% respectively. In the dynamic test, compared with the above three filters, the MAE of the heading reduced by 1–8%, 2–18%, and 2–21%, and the mean of location errors decreased by 9–22%, 19–31%, and 32–54% respectively by using the proposed algorithm for three participants. Generally, the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of heading. Moreover, it can also improve the accuracy of attitude under quasistatic conditions.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Fine Particulate Matter and Temperature on Preterm Birth in Seoul, 2010–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Youngrin Kwag ◽  
Min-ho Kim ◽  
Shinhee Ye ◽  
Jongmin Oh ◽  
Gyeyoon Yim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pm2.5 Exposure ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Background: Preterm birth contributes to the morbidity and mortality of newborns and infants. Recent studies have shown that maternal exposure to particulate matter and extreme temperatures results in immune dysfunction, which can induce preterm birth. This study aimed to evaluate the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure, temperature, and preterm birth in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Methods: We used 2010–2016 birth data from Seoul, obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office Microdata. PM2.5 concentration data from Seoul were generated through the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Seoul temperature data were collected from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The exposure period of PM2.5 and temperature were divided into the first (TR1), second (TR2), and third (TR3) trimesters of pregnancy. The mean PM2.5 concentration was used in units of ×10 µg/m3 and the mean temperature was divided into four categories based on quartiles. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between PM2.5 exposure and preterm birth, as well as the combined effects of PM2.5 exposure and temperature on preterm birth. Result: In a model that includes three trimesters of PM2.5 and temperature data as exposures, which assumes an interaction between PM2.5 and temperature in each trimester, the risk of preterm birth was positively associated with TR1 PM2.5 exposure among pregnant women exposed to relatively low mean temperatures (<3.4 °C) during TR1 (OR 1.134, 95% CI 1.061–1.213, p < 0.001). Conclusions: When we assumed the interaction between PM2.5 exposure and temperature exposure, PM2.5 exposure during TR1 increased the risk of preterm birth among pregnant women exposed to low temperatures during TR1. Pregnant women should be aware of the risk associated with combined exposure to particulate matter and low temperatures during TR1 to prevent preterm birth.

scholarly journals A Field Measurement Based Wind Characteristics Analysis of a Typhoon in Near-Ground Boundary Layer

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Dandan Xia ◽  
Liming Dai ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Huaifeng Wang ◽  
Haitao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Gust Factor ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The field measurement was conducted to observe the wind field data of West Pacific typhoon “Maria” in this research. With the application of ultrasonic anemometers installed in different heights (10 m, 80 m, 100 m) of the tower, the three dimensional wind speed data of typhoon “Maria” was acquired. In addition, vane-type anemometers were installed to validate the accuracy of the wind data from ultrasonic anemometers. Wind characteristics such as the mean wind profile, turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and wind spectrum are studied in detail using the collected wind data. The relationship between the gust factor and turbulence intensity was also studied and compared with the existing literature to demonstrate the characteristics of Maria. The statistical characteristics of the turbulence intensity and gust factor are presented. The corresponding conclusion remarks are expected to provide a useful reference for designing wind-resistant buildings and structures.

scholarly journals Statistical Characteristics of Unsteady Storms in Radar Observations for the Beijing–Tianjin Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Hong-Qing Wang ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
Yin-Jing Lin ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wind Profiles

AbstractThis study was designed to provide basic information for the improvement of storm nowcasting. According to the mean direction deviation of storm movement, storms were classified into three types: 1) steady storms (S storms, extrapolated efficiently), 2) unsteady storms (U storms, extrapolated poorly), and 3) transitional storms (T storms). The U storms do not fit the linear extrapolation processes because of their unsteady movements. A 6-yr warm-season radar observation dataset was used to highlight and analyze the differences between U storms and S storms. The analysis included geometric features, dynamic factors, and environmental parameters. The results showed that storms with the following characteristics changed movement direction most easily in the Beijing–Tianjin region: 1) smaller storm area, 2) lower thickness (echo-top height minus base height), 3) lower movement speed, 4) weaker updrafts and the maximum value located in the mid- and upper troposphere, 5) storm-relative vertical wind profiles dominated by directional shear instead of speed shear, 6) lower relative humidity in the mid- and upper troposphere, and 7) higher surface evaporation and ground roughness.

Simultaneous Measurements of Droplet Size, Temperature, and Velocity Using an Integrated Phase-Doppler/Rainbow Thermometer

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt O’ Donnell ◽  
Sumanta Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Droplet Temperature ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
Temperature Correlation ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Laser Diagnostic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This work summarizes efforts to determine the accuracy and performance characteristics of a new and novel laser diagnostic to measure instantaneous, in flight, droplet temperatures. The instrument uses the location of the rainbow peak to deduce the refractive index of the droplet, which in turn is related to the droplet temperature. Preliminary experiments were undertaken in order to understand the fundamental operating principles and limitations of the instrument. These experiments measured the temperature of an isothermal, single stream of monodisperse droplets. These measurements indicate that the mean refractive index can be measured with a standard deviation as low as 0.0001m. Once the operation of the refractometer was proved under isothermal conditions, the measurement of droplet temperatures in a swirl-stabilized combustor was performed. These measurements indicate that the strength of the rainbow signal is significantly hampered by the noise induced by the flame. Preliminary temperature measurements with the combustor equipped with 45° vanes showed relatively constant radial temperature profiles (∼55–60°C) at locations less than 2 inches from the nozzle exit. A detailed examination of the temperature correlation with velocity and diameter revealed that larger and faster moving droplets dominate the distributions. Thus, the smaller droplets that are suspected of having the highest temperatures are inadequately represented in the mean droplet temperature.

scholarly journals Impact of postglacial warming on borehole reconstructions of last millennium temperatures

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Rath ◽  
J. F. González Rouco ◽  
H. Goosse
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Temperature Signal ◽  
Borehole Temperatures ◽  
Borehole Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The investigation of observed borehole temperatures has proved to be a valuable tool for the reconstruction of ground surface temperature histories. However, there are still many open questions concerning the significance and accuracy of the reconstructions from these data. In particular, the temperature signal of the warming after the Last Glacial Maximum is still present in borehole temperature profiles. It is shown here that this signal also influences the relatively shallow boreholes used in current paleoclimate inversions to estimate temperature changes in the last centuries by producing errors in the determination of the steady state geothermal gradient. However, the impact on estimates of past temperature changes is weaker. For deeper boreholes, the curvature of the long-term signal is significant. A correction based on simple assumptions about glacial–interglacial temperature changes shows promising results, improving the extraction of millennial scale signals. The same procedure may help when comparing observed borehole temperature profiles with the results from numerical climate models.

scholarly journals The isotopic record at an alpine glacier and its implications for local climatic changes and isotopic homogenization processes

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (156) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yuanqing ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone ◽  
Yao Tandong ◽  
Shi Yafeng
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Regional Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractStratigraphic variations of oxygen isotopes in the snow which accumulates during the winter at the Norwegian glacier Austre Okstindbreen are not entirely eliminated after 1–2 months of ablation in the following summer. The relationship between regional temperature changes and δ18O values in the snowpack is affected by many natural factors, but 1989/90 winter air temperatures were reflected in the snow which remained on Austre Okstindbreen at 1350 m a.s.l. in July 1990. There were many variations of δ18O values in the 4.1m of snow above the 1989 summer surface, but variations in the underlying firn were relatively small. Meltwater percolation modifies the initial variations of δ18O values in the snowpack. At a site below the mean equilibrium-line altitude on Austre Okstindbreen, increased isotopic homogenization within a 10 day period in July accompanied an increase of the mean δ18O value. Although the isotopic record at a temperate glacier is likely to be influenced by more factors than is that at polar glaciers, it can provide an estimate of the approximate trend of local temperature variations.

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