scholarly journals How to Avoid Innovation Competence Loss in R&D Outsourcing

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus C. Becker ◽  
Francesco Zirpoli
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Competence Development ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Innovation Competence

Companies developing complex products face a crucial dilemma: the benefits of research and development (R&D) outsourcing such as lower costs, access to specialist knowledge, or shorter development lead times often have negative consequences for competence development due to the loss of opportunities for learning by doing. Having experienced the problems of outsourcing R&D, Fiat developed a novel organizational solution that offers new insights as to how firms can organize R&D to protect against innovation competence loss in R&D outsourcing.

Technological dependence in the Andean group

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn K. Mytelka
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Andean Group ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Monopoly Rents

In the metalworking and chemical industries of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, the ownership structure of firms, their product sector, and propensity to obtain technology through licensing are closely associated. Foreign firms cluster in industrial sectors with complex and volatile technologies, in which their technological advantages permit the exaction of monopoly rents. Ownership structure and product sector, as well as firm size, are related to the firm's decision to obtain technology by licensing rather than by generating it autonomously or obtaining it through other means. Ownership structure, product sector, and licensing appear to interact with choice of machinery imports and research and development activities in such a way as to produce a “technological dependence syndrome” in which opportunities for “learning by doing” are consistently missed.

Information and Communication Technology in Logistics as a Comparative Advantage

2010 ◽  
pp. 144-156
Author(s):  
Roman Gumzej ◽  
Martin Lipicnik
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Technological Platform

In a time, when the economic crisis is filling the news, it may seem hard to even think about improvements in terms of research and development, since there are lacking funds even for the reproduction. However, the last economic revolution was born in a crisis. Therefore it is sensible to look at the current situation as an opportunity for the next economic revolution,. bringing the economy a new cycle of development. The potentials for growth with the globalization have been mainly exploited so far, bringing considerable negative consequences into our lives and our environment that have triggered anti-globalist and ecological movements around the world. Now it’s time to think how to make things better and more humane. The main goal of this chapter is to lay the foundation for an advanced-research technological platform for logistics applications networks.

scholarly journals How a learning factory approach can help to increase the un- derstanding of the application of machine learning on produc- tion planning and control tasks.

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-142
Author(s):  
Alexander Rokoss ◽  
◽  
Kathrin Kramer ◽  
Matthias Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
And Control

Technological progress and increasing digitalization offer many opportunities to production companies, but also continually present them with new challenges. The automation of processes is progressing in manufacturing areas and technical support systems, such as human-robot collaboration, are leading to significant changes in workflows. However, in other areas of companies large parts of the work are still done by humans. This is partly the case with the use of production data. Although much data is already collected and sorted automatically, the final evaluation of this data and especially decision-making is often done by humans. In particular, this is the case for decisions that cannot clearly be made based on conditional programming. The use of machine learning (ML) represents a promising approach to make such complex decisions automatically. A sharp increase in scientific publications in the recent years demonstrates the trend that more and more companies and institutions are looking into the use of machine learning in production. Since ML is beeing applied across several industries, the resulting massive shortage of skilled workers in the field of ML has to be addressed in short and medium terms by training and educating existing employees in production companies. A contemporary approach to building competencies in dealing with problems in the manufacturing sector is the use of learning factories as a knowledge transfer enabler. They offer learners the opportunity to try out methods in a realistic environment without having to fear negative consequences for the company. The results of actions performed by participants can be experienced directly without any time delay, resulting in better learning results compared to conventional face-to-face teaching. This chapter shows how learning factories can support teaching machine learning methods in the field of PPC. For this purpose, the determination of lead times using real data sets is addressed with ML-based methods. Parallelly, the competencies required for the respective tasks were extracted. Based on this, elements of a learning factory were designed that simplifies the considered processes, so that the problem can be easily understood by learners. The last part of the chapter describes several learning factory game phases aiming on teaching the identified competencies. The described learning factory enables participants to setup ML-based projects in the context of manufacturing.

Ethical adaptation and legal regulation of modern technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 209660832110530
Author(s):  
Jie Song
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Responsible Innovation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ethical Norms

The efficiency and convenience afforded by modern technology have increased its importance to society in recent years. However, the risks and ethical issues associated with it can lead to many social problems. There is consensus in the academic community that standardizing the research and development of modern technology can help solve those problems. Although different in scope, ethical adaptation and legal regulation are both effective ways to regulate modern technology. Ethical adaptation is mainly used to optimize the environment of research and development on modern technology. The coordination of Dao (the ‘way’ in classical Chinese philosophy) and technology is a means of constructing a rational technical ethic. The social construction of technology provides the possibility for Dao–technology coordination, and responsible innovation is a responsibility that should be shouldered by technical workers. The ethical adaptation of modern technology has a significant influence but limited restraints. When ethical adaptation cannot function, it is necessary to consider technical behaviour within the scope of legal regulations and restrain modern technology by formulating and implementing a legal system for it. The relevant laws are grounded in the coercive force of the state and are far more effective than ethical norms. Moreover, a lack of ethics for technological actors has caused some negative consequences in the application of technology. When formulating laws regarding technology, it is important to include science and technology policies and ethical norms to complete the legal system for technology. The derivative effect of modern technology requires the joint action of ethics and law. Only when they coordinate with and promote each other can the benign development of modern technology and the orderly development of modern society be realized.

scholarly journals Influence of industrial design on competitiveness of enterprise product

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 02088
Author(s):  
Yiding Bu ◽  
Jiajun Li
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Prospects

With the continuous improvement of industrial technology in the world and the intense competition in the marketing of globalization, the demand for diversified and complex products from enterprises provides an opportunity for research and development of industrial design. By tapping its trends and development prospects from a variety of angles, it recognized the significance of industrial design to the competitiveness of enterprise product more in-depth. This article puts forward to the necessity and importance of industrial design for the competitiveness of the enterprise products, in order to provide the theory basis for enterprise products about how to combine industrial design to improve competitiveness.

scholarly journals Houses of stories: the whale rider at the American Museum of Natural History

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billie Lythberg ◽  
Jennifer Newell ◽  
Wayne Ngata
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Museum Education ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The Public ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
The Impact

In April 2013, fifteen members of the Māori tribal arts group Toi Hauiti travelled to New York to reconnect with their carved wooden ancestor figure, Paikea, at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). They gave educational presentations  to school groups, museum staff and members of the public about Paikea and the whare kōrero , or house of stories, which Paikea had adorned as a gable figure.Through a discussion anchored in the importance of taonga (ancestral treasures), this paper describes embodied forms of knowledge used by Paikea’s descendants to know him in his absence, and introduce him to diverse audiences. Its foci are: museum education in multicultural contexts; learning by doing through the use of interactive activities; and community outreach and museum education. In addition, it discusses the challenges to protocols and opportunities for learning offered to AMNH staff through this engagement, and examines the impact it had son Toi Hauiti members themselves.

scholarly journals Informal Construction Practices as Knowledge Incubators: A Conceptual Framework

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samwel Alananga Sanga ◽  
Justine Mselle
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Learning ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Double Coincidence ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Informal Setting ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
Unintended Outcome

Informal learning in construction projects offers opportunities for learning in a manner that could be likened to conventional incubation. However, whether the two concepts are similar or closely related in terms of their intended/unintended outcome is not well investigated. A guided literature review based on 20 pre-specified incubation issues has revealed that conventional incubators and informal learning-by-doing practices in construction projects in developing countries are likely to be similar on three issues; “rationale for their existence”, “their employment prospect” and their respective characteristics of “graduates and graduation qualifications”. As learning mechanism the two, differ substantially in the remaining 17 issues specifically on those relating to support services that accompany learning. Conventional incubators provide services and functions that facilitate the growth of firms and entrepreneurs while actors involved explicitly understands the learning objectives while informal learning-by-doing practices do not require the double-coincidence of learning intentions between the mentor and the mentee. Furthermore, unlike conventional incubators which are physical or virtue spaces, informal learning-by-doing, utilises physical spaces (informal construction sites) only as tools in the knowledge transfer process and skilled craftsmen, social networks and knowledge development are integrated as incubators. It is therefore, imperative for governments in developing countries to nurture informal construction practices so as to incubate innovative skills thus creating an incubator-like environment within the informal setting.

scholarly journals Belt-Driven Open Source Circuit Mill Using Low-Cost 3-D Printer Components

Inventions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Oberloier ◽  
Joshua Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Distortion Compensation ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Cut Quality

Barriers to inventing electronic devices involve challenges of iterating electronic designs due to long lead times for professional circuit board milling or high costs of commercial milling machines. To overcome these barriers, this study provides open source (OS) designs for a low-cost circuit milling machine. First, design modifications for mechanical and electrical subsystems of the OS Distributed 3-D (D3D) Robotics prototyping system are provided. Next, Copper Carve, an OS custom graphical user interface, is developed to enable circuit board milling by implementing backlash and substrate distortion compensation. The performance of the OS D3D circuit mill is then quantified and validated for: positional accuracy, cut quality, feature accuracy, and distortion compensation. Finally, the return on investment is calculated for inventors using it. The results show by properly compensating for motion inaccuracies with Copper Carve, the machine achieves a motion resolution of 10 microns, which is more than adequate for most circuit designs. The mill is at least five times less expensive than all commercial alternatives and the material costs of the D3D mill are repaid from fabricating 20–43 boards. The results show that the OS circuit mill is of high-enough quality to enable rapid invention and distributed manufacturing of complex products containing custom electronics.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL BERKELANJUTAN DOSEN VOKASI PADA PENDIDIKAN VOKASIONAL DI LAMPUNG

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
S. Sugiyanto ◽  
S. Slamet ◽  
S. Sugiyono
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Competence Development ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
University Leaders ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
And Task

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan model pengembangan kompetensi profesional berkelanjutan bagi setiap dosen vokasi (PKPB-DV) agar memiliki kompetensi untuk dapat menjalankan tugas pokok dan fungsinya.  Metode penelitian dan pengembangan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, dengan subjek penelitian pegawai, pimpinan perguruan tinggi, dosen yang ditentukan secara purposif. Data dikumpulkan dengan pedoman wawancara dan angket serta dianalisis secara deskripsi kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pengembangan kompetensi berkelanjutan memiliki empat unsur yaitu: (1) perencanaan berisi  analisis karakter dosen vokasi, analisis kebutuhan dosen vokasi, pemilihan intervensi sarana, prasarana dan biaya, (2) pengorganisasian berisi mekanisme PKPB-DV, susunan organisasi  mencakup keterlibatan individu dan tugas lembaga, koordinasi kegiatan mencakup kerjasama research danpenugasan oleh lembaga, (3)  pelaksanaan meliputi tempat PKPB-DV, waktu pelaksanaan PKPB-DV, pemberian intervensi, pemberian bimbingan dan motivasi, dan (4) pengendalian yang berisi standar PKPB-DV.Kata kunci: model pengembangan, kompetensi professional berkelanjutan, dosen vokasi CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATION LECTURERS ON VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN LAMPUNGAbstractThis study aims to produce a model of continuing professional competence development of vocational lecturer (CPCD-VL) to have a competence to do their duties. The research and development methods are used to answer research questions with research participants consisting of administration staffs, university leaders, and lecturers that are determined purposively. Data were collected by interviews and questionnaires and analyzed by qualitative description. Results show that the model of continuing professional competence development has three elements, namely: (1) planning, an analysis of the character of vocational lecturers; needs analysis of vocation lecturer, and planning of the facilities, infrastructure and costs, (2) organization provides a mechanism of CPCD-VL, the organizational structure includes individual engagement and task organization, coordination of the activities include collaboration research and assignment, (3) implementation including CPCD-VL, the execution time of CPCD-VL, providing interventions, providing a guidance and motivation, and (4) control containing the standard of CPCD-VL.Keywords: development model, continuing professional competency, vocational lecturer

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