Declining Women Work Participation in Rural India: Trends, Causes and Policy Implications

2022 ◽  
pp. 001946622110635
Author(s):  
Rajendra P. Mamgain ◽  
Khalid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey

One of the major policy concerns in recent years has been decline in the number of women workers in the Indian labour market. The ‘education’ and ‘income’ effect hypotheses for such decline are generally advocated. Such analyses, however, are limited in their focus. This study attempts to fill up this gap by exclusively focusing on rural women. Using the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data for the years 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 and Periodic Labour Force Survey data for the year 2017–2018, it observes a widespread decline in rural women’s work participation rates (WPRs) across their different social groups, income strata and states in the country albeit at a significantly varying rate. While the major decline in women WPRs in the age-group, 15–24 years has been in favour of education, it has been largely in favour of ‘domestic works’ in the other age-groups. The major decline in women workforce is observed in case of those as not-literates, ‘unpaid family labour’ in agriculture and ‘casual wage labour’ both in farm and non-farm sectors. This is largely due to contraction in self-employment and casual wage works both in farm and non-farm sectors, more so during recent period. This study finds a positive impact of rising household income on women’s WPRs. While education emerges as a significant predictor of women joining workforce, its iteration with their social groups shows differing impact of similar level of education on different caste groups. It offers inputs for policy measures to be aimed at providing decent livelihoods in rural areas in a big scale, with strong focus on reducing caste and gender disparities. JEL Codes: E24, J16, J21, J18

Foundation for the Prevention and Pathological Aspects of Diseases of the Mucous Membranes of the Oral Cavity (Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Bakaev Zh. N.
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Two Age Groups

According to the authors, the prevalence of SOPR diseases is from 3 to 20%.In a study of 1573 residents of southern China in two age groups who use tobacco and alcohol, the incidence of SOPR was higher among men living in rural areas compared to urban residents. Among women aged 35-44 years, the incidence was higher in urban women, and in the 65-77-year-old group in rural women. In the course of studies in Brazil, among 335 patients older than 60 years, 646 diseases of the SOPR were identified. Similar results were obtained in the analysis of SOPR diseases in the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation

scholarly journals The Impact of the Comprehensive Rural Village Development Program on Rural Sustainability in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehee Hwang ◽  
Jonghoon Park ◽  
Seongwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
Rural Sustainability ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact

An imperative challenge emerges from the demand to apply the scientific method in the assessment of recent agricultural and rural policies throughout the world. The objective of the present study was to conduct an ex-post quantitative evaluation of the Comprehensive Rural Village Development Program (CRVDP), a representative rural development policy operated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, a central government agency in South Korea. The primary purpose of this program is to ensure sustainable rural society. This study found a moderate but significant positive impact of the policy in enhancing the standard of living in rural areas. The present paper concludes with suggesting some policy implications, limitations and future directions of policy evaluation studies.

scholarly journals Rural Women’s Workload: Implications for Socio-Economic Development of Baluchistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasheed ◽  
Riffat Arshed ◽  
Zeenat Sana Baloch
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Heavy Workload ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cultural Freedom ◽  
Reproductive Activities

This paper is based on the descriptive sample survey carried out mainly to highlight the issues of heavy workload of rural women within the conceptual framework of triple burden in two districts of Pishin and Mastung and also to explore its research and policy implications in the broader context of province. The key findings include: The burden of reproduction is directly related with domestic workload and was found high in both the districts indicating high fertility with serious health implications. Comparatively speaking, Women in Mastung were found to be involved in greater number in economic activities than Pishin reflecting their high level of deprivation and relatively more cultural freedom. Moreover, they have more control over their income indicating their higher degree of empowerment. Spending priorities reflect that women in Mustang give more importance to education and health. The study concludes heavy workload of rural poor women in terms of domestic chore and reproductive activities provides meaningful insights and suggestions to cope with the problem of exploitative workload.

scholarly journals DISABLED PEOPLE ON THE LABOUR MARKET IN POLAND – FOCUS ON RURAL AREAS OF THE MASOVIAN VOIVODSHIP

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 312-321
Author(s):  
Paulina Stolarczyk ◽  
Michał Wielechowski
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
High Employment

The aim of the paper was to present and assess the economic activity of disabled people on the Polish labour market from a country, voivodship, and Masovian Voivodship rural areas’ perspective. The study used data from the Labour Force Survey in Poland collected by the Central Statistical Office and original data collected by a questionnaire, using public institutions, NGOs and direct interviews. The adopted research period covered the years 2007-2018. Japanese candlestick charting as well as tabular and selected statistical methods were used to present the research results. Levels of analysed Polish labour market indicators for disabled people increased noticeably in the analysed period, however persisted significantly below those for non-disabled people. At a voivodship level, the study showed that rates and changes of economic activity in the group of disabled people differed visibly. The highest economic activity rates were observed in the Subcarpathian, Lubusz and Holy Cross voivodships, while the lowest in the West Pomeranian and Lesser Poland voivodships. In 15 voivodships, the unemployment rate decreased significantly in the analysed period. Survey results highlighted a relatively high employment rate and low earnings rates in the researched group of disabled people from the Masovian Voivodship, where the level of education had a significant positive impact on those rates.

Employment in Schools in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
Chandan Jain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Over Time

In the present article, we highlight the role that schools play in the Indian labour market. Using data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey, we provide estimates for the number of individuals employed in schools and the share of schools in the overall labour force in the country. We find that the share of schools in the overall labour force has increased between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, we also analyse the differences in these estimates across regions and gender as well. We find that despite the decline in female labour force in rural areas, number of females employed in schools in rural areas has increased over time. Additionally, we find that schools constituted the largest share in the overall female labour force employed in the services sector in the country. JEL: I20, J21

Rural Women Entrepreneurs in India: Challenges and Opportunities

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Ms. Monika Bansal ◽  
Ms. Lakhbir Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Status

It is a general belief in many cultures that the role of women is to build and maintain the homely affairs like task of fetching water, cooking and rearing children. Since the turn of the century, the status of women in India has been changing due to growing industrialization, globalization, and social legislation. Last ten years of Indian economy make it evident that the structure of ownership in different sectors has changed. Many women entered the world of business, of trade commerce and they have become successful entrepreneurs in various business activities. This growth rate of women’s participation in economic activities is much lower than the expected rate. Because in India, there are still many social and cultural restrictions on women.Women entrepreneurship development is the instrument of women empowerment. It is very necessary to give keen attention over the empowerment of women in the rural areas. As in India there are around 7 lakh villages and more than of 70% population live in villages. In rural sector 56% male and 33% of the females are in labour force. About 66% of female population in the rural sector are Idle and unutilized. So rural women’s economic and social development is necessary for overall economic development of society and nation.The present paper addresses challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in rural areas and also explores the opportunities prevailing for rural women entrepreneurs.

Micro-entrepreneurship Development in the Handloom Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhabesh Hazarika ◽  
Kishor Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Past History ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
The Government

Women entrepreneurship is gaining importance all over the world for addressing the development issues of women. Since the inception of the five-year plans, the Government of India has been giving attention towards mitigating the development issues of women such as labour force participation, empowerment, education and gender inequality. Women-owned micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are contributing significantly towards the economic development of the nation through employment and income generation, poverty eradication, and by bringing entrepreneurial diversity in the economic activities. The handloom industry offers an appropriate setting to analyse the significance of the rural women-owned micro-enterprises towards local economic development. With archaic hand-operated looms, the production mechanism takes place mostly in the rural areas. The present article analyses the factors that affect tribal women to own a handloom micro-enterprise. It is based on primary data collected at firm level from two major tribes in Assam, namely Bodo and Mising. The data were collected from five different districts in Assam where tribal communities are operating handloom businesses. Within the framework of random utility model of economic choice, the findings of the probit model show that age, knowing other handloom micro-entrepreneurs, past history of family business, access to borrowing and risk-taking behaviour have significant and positive influences on the decision of a woman in becoming a handloom micro-entrepreneur. The study suggests for an all-inclusive policy approach for the overall development of handloom industry in the tribal areas.

scholarly journals The Impact of Internet Use on Health Outcomes of Rural Adults: Evidence from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6502
Author(s):  
Lili Li ◽  
Yiwu Zeng ◽  
Zhonggen Zhang ◽  
Changluan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rural Adults

Health, as basic human capital, is quite important for rural adults. However, in China, the average level of public health facilities and services is far lower in rural areas than in cities. In recent years, the internet has developed rapidly in China, and is increasingly affecting rural adults in a positive way. The purpose of this paper is to reveal whether internet use can be an effective way to improve the health of rural adults. This study used three rounds of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) collected in 2014, 2016, and 2018. After eliminating samples due to attrition, the study included 7528 villagers who were at least 16 years old. A panel logit model was employed to conduct an empirical analysis. The results indicate that internet use has a significantly positive impact on health outcomes of rural adults. By using the internet, rural adults can find a large amount of health information, increase their social interaction, and maintain physical exercise to improve their health. Thus, it is important to promote internet use for health purposes in rural areas. In addition, internet use had heterogeneous effects on the health of rural adults of different genders, age groups, and education levels. Attention should be focused on highly educated older men to improve the effects of internet use.

scholarly journals Women Workers in Agricultural Sector: A Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Neela Multani ◽  
A. N. Sanghvi
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
National Accounts

<div><p><em>For any research, literature review is an essential part as it helps in identifying the area of research. Agriculture is the main source of sustenance for both developing and under developed countries.  In countries like India, women’s position is not as strong as men both economically and socially and she faces more constraints than men. They cannot relocate easily. Women in rural areas have to manage multiple activities like maintaining home, making food, arranging water etc. and they are working in farms also. So, they are living hard life. All the activities performed by rural women is essential for the well-being of the rural households, still they are not defined as ‘economically active employment’ in national accounts. In India, 24 percent to total workers work as female cultivators and 41.1 percent to total workers work as female agricultural labourers. Past studies also relieved that because of less education, unawareness about the laws, poverty and gender discrimination, women workers face many problems. Also, few studies show that in some parts of the nation women workers are being paid less than the male workers. This Paper reviews past research studies to highlight the role and position of women workers in agricultural sector. </em></p></div>

scholarly journals Foundation for the prevention and pathological aspects of diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Bakaev Zh. N.
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Two Age Groups

20%.In a study of 1573 residents of southern China in two age groups who use tobacco and alcohol, the incidence of SOPR was higher among men living in rural areas compared to urban residents. Among women aged 35-44 years, the incidence was higher in urban women, and in the 65-77-year-old group in rural women. In the course of studies in Brazil, among 335 patients older than 60 years, 646 diseases of the SOPR were identified. Similar results were obtained in the analysis of SOPR diseases in the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation [13].

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