Evaluation of Biangular Reflection Photometry for Quantitative Study of Etched Alloy Surface Roughness

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1350-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Kelly ◽  
W.A. Brantle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Reflection Peak ◽  
Quantitative Stereology ◽  
Pit Depth ◽  
Angle Of Reflection

Biangular reflection photometry was correlated with quantitative stereology and direct pit-depth measurements for an electrolytically etched nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy. Effects of viewing angle, viewing aperture, and plane polarization of incident and viewing light were also studied. The results showed that architectural changes in the etched metal surface could be quantitatively described with the use of reflection photometry. An off-specular peak, located at an angle of reflection considerably different from the angle of incidence, was observed to have an intensity comparable with that of the specular reflection peak. Viewing aperture was found to affect one's ability to distinguish among degrees of surface roughness.

Gloss Evaluation of Hairline-Finished Metal Surface Using Patterned Area Illumination Method: Reproduction of Gloss Evaluation by Ray Tracing

2015 ◽  
Vol 656-657 ◽  
pp. 468-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadanori Sugino ◽  
Yasuo Yamane
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Striped Pattern ◽  
Illumination Method ◽  
Angle Of Reflection

Gloss of a metal surface is an important aspect for product quality evaluation. Evaluating the specular reflection is almost the same as evaluating the gloss. We propose a method that uses patterned area illumination to evaluate specular reflection. In specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Consequently, when light (ray) of the area illumination, which has a striped pattern, are projected on a glossy metal surface, a striped pattern forms on the reflected image as a mirror-like reflection, and the sharpness of the striped pattern of the image provides information about the specular reflection on the surface. This characteristic is applied to a metal with a hairline surface finish. A hairline surface presents different glossiness at different viewpoints. When the direction of the striped pattern of illumination is changed, the sharpness of striped pattern on the reflected image varies owing to the surface roughness of the hairline finish. Therefore, we can evaluate the glossiness in various directions by rotating the pattern. The relationships between gloss evaluation value and surface roughness were indicated in our study. We tried the reproduction of the gloss evaluation by ray tracing to obtain the more detailed relationships between them. Ray tracing is a technique to generate an image in computer graphics. The approximate reproduction of gloss evaluation was obtained by the simulation.

Gloss Evaluation of Hairline-Finished Metal Surface Using Patterned Area Illumination Method: Relationship between Gloss Evaluation and Surface Roughness for the Estimation of Surface Roughness

2017 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadanori Sugino ◽  
Yuki Tashiro ◽  
Yasuo Yamane
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Striped Pattern ◽  
Illumination Method ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Angle Of Reflection ◽  
The Relationship

The gloss of a metal surface is an important aspect for product quality evaluation. In general, gloss is influenced by specular reflection of light on a metal surface. Therefore, evaluating the specular reflection is almost the same as evaluating the gloss. We propose a method that uses patterned area illumination to evaluate specular reflection. In specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Consequently, when light (ray) of the area illumination, which has a striped pattern, are projected on a glossy metal surface, a striped pattern forms on the reflected image as a mirror-like reflection, and the sharpness of the striped pattern of the image provides information about the specular reflection on the surface. This characteristic is applied to a metal with a hairline surface finish. A hairline surface presents different glossiness at different viewpoints. When the direction of the striped pattern of illumination is changed, the sharpness of striped pattern on the reflected image varies owing to the surface roughness of the hairline finish. Therefore, we can evaluate the glossiness in various directions by rotating the pattern. The rough relationships between gloss evaluation value and surface roughness were indicated in our study. In order to make the relationship between gloss evaluation and surface roughness for the estimation of surface roughness, we had tried the comparison for the gloss evaluation value and the surface roughness. The more precise relationship for seven directions on hairline-finished metal surface was measured. This report describes the results and considers the possibility of estimation of surface roughness by the gloss evaluation value.

Gloss Evaluation Method for Metal Surface with Hairline Using Patterned Area Illumination

2009 ◽  
Vol 407-408 ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadanori Sugino ◽  
Yumi Satozono ◽  
Yasuo Yamane
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Stripe Pattern ◽  
Reflection Image ◽  
Reflection Of Light ◽  
Angle Of Reflection

Gloss evaluation of a metal surface is important for the quality as the product. In general, gloss of a metal surface is influenced by specular reflection of light on the surface. Therefore to evaluate the specular reflection is almost the same as the evaluation of the gloss. We propose the method to evaluate the specular reflection using patterned area illumination. In the specular reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Consequently when lights (rays) of the area illumination which has a stripe pattern are projected to a glossy metal surface, the stripe pattern occurs on the reflection image by the mirror-like reflection and the sharpness of the stripe pattern of the image has information of the specular reflection on the surface. This character is applied for the metal surface with hairline. The metal surface with hairline has different gloss feeling at different point of view. When the direction of the stripe pattern of the illumination is changed, the sharpness of stripe pattern on the reflection image varies owing to the surface roughness of hairline. Therefore we can evaluate the glossiness for various directions by rotating the stripe pattern. This paper shows the availability of the proposed method through the experiment.

Effect of Surface Roughness on the Total Hemispherical and Specular Reflectance of Metallic Surfaces

1964 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Birkebak ◽  
E. M. Sparrow ◽  
E. R. G. Eckert ◽  
J. W. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Specular Reflectance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hemispherical Reflectance ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Measurements have been made of the hemispherical and specular reflectance of metallic surfaces of controlled roughness. The surfaces, which were ground nickel rectangles, were irradiated at various angles of incidence by a beam of black-body radiation, the temperature of which was also varied. The instrumentation which was devised to perform the experiments is described. The measurements show that beyond a certain surface roughness, the hemispherical reflectance is virtually independent of further increases in roughness. On the other hand, the specular reflectance decreases steadily with increasing roughness. Additionally, the hemispherical reflectance is found to be quite insensitive to the angle of incidence, while the specular reflectance increases with angle of incidence for the rougher surfaces.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Gratings for Multiband Spatial Filtering, Retroreflection, Splitting and Demultiplexing Based on C2 Symmetric Photonic Crystals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriy E. Serebryannikov ◽  
Diana C. Skigin ◽  
Guy A. E. Vandenbosch ◽  
Ekmel Ozbay
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Diffraction Order ◽  
Spatial Filtering ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Reflection Mode ◽  
Negative Order ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Incident Wave Energy

Abstract The concept of multifunctional reflection-mode gratings based on rod-type photonic crystals with C2 symmetry is introduced and examined. The specific modal properties lead to the vanishing dependence of the first-negative-order maximum on the angle of incidence within a wide range, and the nearly sinusoidal redistribution of the incident-wave energy between zero order (specular reflection) and first negative diffraction order (deflection) at frequency variation that are the key features enabling various functionalities in one structure and functionality merging. The elementary functionalities offered by the studied structures, of which multifunctional scenarios can be designed, include but are not restricted to multiband spatial filtering, multiband splitting, and demultiplexing. The proposed structures are shown to be capable in multifunctional operation in case of an obliquely incident polychromatic wave. The generalized demultiplexing is demonstrated for the case when several polychromatic wavesare incident at different angles. The same deflection properties yield multiband splitting, and merging demultiplexing and splitting functionalties in one functionality, which may contribute to various multifunctional scenarios. The proposed gratings arealso studied in transmissive configuration.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Simulation to Analyze the Spectral Index for Remote Detection of Oil Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea Seawater Column: The Role of Water Surface State

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Otremba ◽  
Jacek Piskozub
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Southern Baltic Sea ◽  
Southern Baltic

The article presents the results of simulations that take into account the optical parameters of the selected sea region (from literature data on the southern Baltic Sea) and two optically extreme types of crude oil (from historical data) which exist in the form of a highly watered-down oil-in-water emulsion (10 ppm). The spectral index was analyzed based on the results of modeling the radiance reflectance distribution for almost an entire hemisphere of the sky (zenith angle from 0 to 80°). The spectral index was selected and is universal for all optically different types of oil (wavelengths of 650 and 412 nm). The possibility of detecting pollution in the conditions of the wavy sea surface (as a result of wind of up to 10 m/s) was studied. It was also shown that if the viewing direction is close to a direction perpendicular to the sea surface, observations aimed at determining the spectral index are less effective than observations under the zenith angle of incidence of sunlight for all azimuths excluding the direction of sunlight’s specular reflection.

Wechselwirkung kondensierter Molekularstrahlen mit festen Oberflächen

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Becker ◽  
R. Klingelhöfer ◽  
H. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Steel Surface ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Tangential Velocity Component ◽  
Polished Stainless Steel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Angle Of Reflection

The reflection of a beam of nitrogen clusters from a polished stainless steel surface is investigated. The scattered flux shows a strong maximum at an angle of reflection almost 90°, independent of angle of incidence. The mean velocity of the reflected beam is about equal to the tangential velocity component of the incident beam. Measurements with increased background pressure demonstrate that the reflected beam still consists essentially of clusters.

Forward Reflection Characteristics of Typical Smooth Building Walls and the Simulation Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 3601-3606
Author(s):  
Shen You Zhao ◽  
Kai Da Xu ◽  
Su Qiu ◽  
Wei Qi Jin ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Forward Scattering ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Imaging Technology ◽  
Reflective Surface ◽  
Building Walls ◽  
Reflection Characteristics ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

Non-line-of-sight optical imaging technology is a novel application of imaging technology developed recently, achieving the effective imaging of the corner, basements and other scenes which are difficult to be directly observed by traditional vision with intermediate reflective surface. Smooth building walls, such as tiles and marbles, are typical intermediate reflective surfaces. Because reflecting surface is neither ideal specular reflective nor Lambertian reflective, the reflection characteristics of the intermediate reflective surface have a significant impact on the non-line-of-sight imaging. Based on the test data of the spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of common smooth tiles, the surface transfer function and angle spread function of smooth tiles are established according to the Harvey-Shack surface scatter theory in the paper. And the descriptions of the characteristics of specular reflection and forward scattering are implemented. Furthermore, according to the measured BRDF data at a certain wavelength for a certain angle of incidence, we can predict the reflection and scattering distribution at any other wavelengths or for other incident angles. The simulation results indicate that the curves fitted by the model basically are in agreement with the measured data, so that the simulation of the specular reflection and the forward scattering in the model is valid.

A NEMD Study of the Thermal Conductivity and Surface Roughness of Silicon Thin Films

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Ming Chang ◽  
Chien-Chou Weng ◽  
Mei-Jiau Huang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Potential ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Constant Heat Flux ◽  
Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Three Body

The nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) approach is adopted in this work to calculate the in-plane lattice thermal conductivity of Silicon thin films. In the simulation, the Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential is employed to capture both two-body and three-body interactions. The periodic boundary conditions are applied in the in-plane directions of a thin film. An additional surface potential is added to atoms that are near the surfaces. This surface potential imposes a force normal to the plane to prevent atoms from evaporation. A constant heat flux is generated by injecting energy into the system somewhere and withdrawing energy somewhere else via the velocity rescaling method. After a sufficiently long simulation time, the time-averaged temperature distribution is calculated and then the thermal conductivity can be obtained by the Fourier’s law. When the average temperature of the system is lower than the Debye temperature (θD = 645 K for Si), quantum corrections to both the MD temperature and the thermal conductivity are carried out. To speed up the computation, the present MD tool is parallelized based on a spatial decomposition technique. In this study, we attempt to investigate the relationship among the model parameters of the surface potential, the surface roughness, and the specular reflection fraction at the boundary that is often used in many theoretical studies.

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