scholarly journals ‘Talent-spotting’ or ‘social magic’? Inequality, cultural sorting and constructions of the ideal graduate in elite professions

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Ingram ◽  
Kim Allen
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Hiring Practices ◽  
High Status ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Elite Professions ◽  
Institutional Habitus ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Fair Access ◽  
The Ideal

Graduate outcomes – including rates of employment and earnings – are marked by persistent inequalities related to social class, as well as gender, ethnicity and institution. Despite national policy agendas related to social mobility and ‘fair access to the professions’, high-status occupations are disproportionately composed of those from socially privileged backgrounds, and evidence suggests that in recent decades many professions have become less socially representative. This article makes an original contribution to sociological studies of inequalities in graduate transitions and elite reproduction through a distinct focus on the ‘pre-hiring’ practices of graduate employers. It does this through a critical analysis of the graduate recruitment material of two popular graduate employers. It shows how, despite espousing commitments to diversity and inclusion, constructions of the ‘ideal’ graduate privilege individuals who can mobilise and embody certain valued capitals. Using Bourdieusian concepts of ‘social magic’ and ‘institutional habitus’, the article argues that more attention must be paid to how graduate employers’ practices constitute tacit processes of social exclusion and thus militate against the achievement of more equitable graduate outcomes and fair access to the ‘top jobs’.

scholarly journals The Main Problems and Directions of Achieving the Consolidation of Russian Society

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nikolayevna Samsonova ◽  
Diana Nikolayevna Tsygankova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Imple Mentation ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Post Soviet Space ◽  
Modern Russian

The authors of the paper analyze the main directions of the consolidation of modern Russian society, as well as the problems that hinder the implementation of this process. The main factors explaining the fea-tures of the processes of consolidation of Russian society in the XXI century are considered. The col-lapse of the USSR, the resulting crises, the specifics of socio-political processes in the post-Soviet space, the formation of a national idea to a large extent affect the level of cohesion of the country's citizens. It is concluded that for the effective imple-mentation of the process of consolidation of society in modern Russia, it is necessary to overcome a number of problems. In this regard, it is of supreme importance to eliminate socio-economic inequality, corruption in all spheres of life, and optimize the activities of government bodies. The authors em-phasize that the consolidation of modern Russian society is the most important task of the ongoing national policy and requires targeted efforts on the part of both the state and civil society. The im-portance of further sociological studies of the con-solidation processes of Russian society is noted.

17. Environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Newell
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Environmental Movements ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines how developing countries are managing the relationship between the environment and development. Despite being widely regarded as a threat to their economic development and prospects for growth, environmental issues have come to occupy a central place on policy agendas throughout the developing world. Driven by donors, public concern, and vocal environmental movements, responses to these environmental issues have taken a number of different forms as they compete for ‘policy space’ with other pressing development concerns. The chapter links global agendas to national policy processes, highlighting differences and similarities between how countries respond to various environmental issues. It also considers patterns of continuity and change in the politics of environment in the developing world, along with new policy instruments for environmental protection. It concludes by reflecting on the likely future of environmental policy in the developing world.

Tactical evaluations: Everyday neoliberalism in academia

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Cannizzo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Higher Education Policy ◽  
National Policy ◽  
University Governance ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Managerial Efficiency ◽  
Policy Agendas

Neoliberal political rationalities have transformed not only national policy agendas, but also the strategies that individuals adopt to navigate their everyday lives; sometimes described as ‘everyday neoliberalism’. This article explores everyday neoliberalism’s contribution to the transformation of workplace ethics through a case study of Australian academics. National higher education policy reforms have been mirrored by a transformation in academics’ perceptions of what forms of self-management are legitimate and necessary. While governmental reforms are couched in a language of technical efficiency and accountability to stakeholders, interviews with academics reveal depoliticising practices of evaluation. Values conflicts – between scholarly autonomy and managerial efficiency – are indicative of tactical struggles over the means by which academics evaluate their selves and their labour. The managerialisation of university governance has not eroded political and value commitments, but has encouraged academics to pursue more individualised forms of ethics, which re-affirm their compliance with managerial norms.

scholarly journals Interpretation of M. Weber’s theory of ideal types in application to empirical sociological research

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Aminet M. Siiukhova ◽  
◽  
Ella M. Kueva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Model ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The Ideal

The article analyzes the problems of interpretation of Max Weber’s theory of «ideal types» in empirical sociological studies. The theory of «ideal types» is effective for studying the systemic qualities of universal socio-cultural institutions, local social groups and individuals. The concept of «ideal» is differentiated in everyday consciousness and in scientific and sociological discourses. In sociology, the «ideal» is understood as referring to the sphere of consciousness, regardless of the positive or negative assessment of a social phenomenon. The examples of possible applications of Weber’s theory for the analysis of modern social spheres of health care and education are shown. In the conditions of industrial and post-industrial society, one of the important statuses in the social structure is the profession, and the typifying factor of the professional community is the professional culture. The scientific operation of the ideal type category within the framework of an empirical sociological study of the professional community/personal cultural level of an individual will be most effectively implemented by means the modeling method, when the essential qualities of the object under study are structured in a graphical model.

Making and Managing the Pitch: Selling I-O Psychology Research to Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-625
Author(s):  
Caitlin Ann Demsky
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Hiring Practices ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Research Partnerships ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Workplace Mistreatment ◽  
Negative Publicity ◽  
Frontline Managers

In their focal article, Lapierre et al. (2018) draw attention to several key unanswered concerns academics face in establishing, developing, and maintaining research partnerships with organizations. Though mentioned briefly in the article's introduction, one potential concern that would benefit from further attention is selling a potential research topic to organizations. Many academics find themselves with research interests that organizations would prefer to avoid shedding light on (e.g., workplace mistreatment, sexual harassment, hiring practices, diversity and inclusion practices, etc.). In these instances, it may be particularly difficult to convince key stakeholders within organizations to partner on research projects, especially in situations that might raise organizational fears of negative publicity. In their introduction, Lapierre et al. (2018) state that “middle or frontline managers may be reluctant to facilitate a study out of fear of what the research could reveal in terms of problems in their units, particularly if such problems might be perceived as reflecting poorly upon them (e.g., poor leadership skills)” (p. 545). Further, “managers may fear raising employees’ expectations or highlighting particular problems by involving them in research projects” (Lapierre et al., 2018, p. 544). In the following several paragraphs, I address how academics may proactively address and minimize these potential concerns. Although not meant to be an exhaustive set of recommendations, the goal is to provide several potential avenues for “selling” industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology research to potential organizational stakeholders.

scholarly journals Labour Migration and the Economic Sustainability in Thailand

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piriya Pholphirul
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
The Cost

Migration is one of the top debate topics in terms of the national policy agendas of middle-income countries, and Thailand is no exception. The segmentation of its labour market explains why Thailand is experiencing large-scale immigration and a simultaneous emigration of low-skilled workers. Immigration inflows from its less-developed neighbour countries -namely, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar – pose a challenge for Thailand. Wage differentials between Thailand and other migrant-receiving countries, which are mostly more economically developed than Thailand, also stimulate emigration from there. Due to regional disparities within the country and to a lack of employment and educational opportunities in rural areas, internal migration is also common and encouraged. In this paper I first analyse the economic pros and cons of migration both to and within Thailand before formulating labour migration policies that aim to maximize beneficial outcomes while minimizing economic costs. The cost–benefit analysis of labour migration is key to addressing relevant gaps in formulating and implementing effective policies.

scholarly journals Conceptualizing “Race” and Racism in Health Disparities Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Vanidestine
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Over Time

Critically analyzing how language and discourse influence health policy agendas to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities (REHD) supports social work’s commitment to address oppression and marginalization. Various institutions construct health policy agendas regarding REHD without explicitly conceptualizing terms such as “race,” “racism,” “African American/Black,” “Latino/a,” “Asian,” and “White”, and their relationship to racialized health outcomes. However, there is limited research examining the inherent ideologies and meaning related to racial concepts, which rely heavily on conveying historical influences through discourse over time. The purpose of the current qualitative study is to explore how policy initiatives to address REHD conceptualized “race” and racism. By employing grounded theory (GT) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study examined the discourse underpinning city, state, and national policy agendas to eliminate REHD. The study’s findings highlighted how terminology, assigned meanings, and ideology are replicated over time to reproduce a non-critical analysis of “race” and racism. The resulting implications suggest that conceptualizing “race” void of understanding differential racial health outcomes as racism omits the structural, historical, and ethical characteristics of racial concepts. Within health disparities discourse, the meanings assigned to “race” and racism ultimately influence which interventions are identified to address REHD.

The national governance of prostitution: political rationality and the politics of discourse

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Wagenaar ◽  
Helga Amesberger ◽  
Sietske Altink
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Political Rationality ◽  
Policy Agendas

This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political rationality and public discourse. The emergence of policy agendas and the introduction of legislation are associated less with a particular identifiable phase of the policy process than with the contingent interactions of policy networks and institutions. This unruly process is strongly influenced by discourse, in both countries the worldwide neo-abolitionist discourse. In the Netherlands national policy swung from the halting legislative decision to decriminalize brothels, back to a national policy of control and containment. Austria’s policy was traditionally aimed at the control of a stigmatised activity, through measures such as compulsory STD checks, unfavorable fiscal measures, and immigration laws that prevent sex workers to have full access to the labour market. In both countries we observed that at the national level the sex trade is shaped as much, or perhaps even more, by laws that are tangential to prostitution (immigration, tax, social security and labour law) as by laws that are specifically directed at it.

scholarly journals Investigating the ways in which health information technology can promote antimicrobial stewardship: a conceptual overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 110 (8) ◽  
pp. 320-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby King ◽  
Kathrin M Cresswell ◽  
Jamie J Coleman ◽  
Sarah K Pontefract ◽  
Ann Slee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Health Information Technology ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Conceptual Overview

Antimicrobial resistance is now recognised as a threat to health worldwide. Antimicrobial stewardship aims to promote the responsible use of antibiotics and is high on international and national policy agendas. Health information technology has the potential to support antimicrobial stewardship in a number of ways, but this field is still poorly characterised and understood. Building on a recent systematic review and expert roundtable discussions, we take a lifecycle perspective of antibiotic use in hospitals and identify potential targets for health information technology-based interventions to support antimicrobial stewardship. We aim for this work to help chart a future research agenda in this critically important area.

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