Livelihood Prospects Across Social Classes in Rural India

Social Change ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-314
Author(s):  
Surajit Deb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
The Government

In the third part of the Social Change Social Indicator series, we look at livelihood prospects across social classes in rural India. The rural population in India earns its living from different livelihood types—farming, agricultural labour, other manual labour, domestic services or other jobs. The majority of farmers in the country are however small landholders and therefore depend on other sources of income to earn enough money to survive or to even purchase crucially needed seeds and fertilisers. Then there are the agricultural labours who do not own land of their own and work in the fields to earn daily wages. Since the land support for these rural families has become increasingly difficult, a section of the rural population has started looking outside their locale for jobs. In recent decades, jobs for urban construction and private security services industry has provided a potential alternative for backward or economically weaker sections from the rural and semi-urban areas of the country. The government has been trying to provide employment opportunities and livelihood for villagers within their villages by encouraging them to start their own enterprises, supporting them by providing some training and finance. But although rural occupational opportunities have increased comparatively in several states, the creation of productive livelihoods for different social classes remains a challenge in certain rural segments of India. From data one observes that while a majority of Schedules Caste (SC) farmers remain daily wagers, the livelihood of the Scheduled Tribe (ST) community remains dependent on forest, agriculture and animal husbandry. The Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, provides survey data on the livelihood opportunities of SC, ST and Non-SC–ST households across sources such as cultivation, non-agricultural own account enterprises, manual casual labourers, part- or full-time domestic services, ragpicking, begging and others.1 Our analysis of data refers to eighteen states that cover more than 95 per cent of the SC or ST population in the country.

Digital Banking Services in Rural India

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Ashoka M. L. ◽  
Rakesh T. S. ◽  
Madhushree S.
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Complete Transformation

Digitization or digitalization of banking services has established a strong network which supports a quick disbursement of banking services across the world. Digital banking service has enabled India to be more operative in reducing the transaction gaps between rural and urban areas. The awareness about cashless transactions has led to the complete transformation in online-banking services. The government initiatives as well as banks (private and public) efforts in implementing digital services such as internet banking, mobile banking, payment of various utility bills, online-ticket booking, digi-lockers for investors (investment), etc. has created a sense of technical significance among rural population. Favorable network condition plays a major role in making digital banking services more triumphant in both rural and urban India. The chapter reveals the ideology of customer's satisfaction towards the digital banking services in Belthangady Taluk, Dakshina Kannada district.

Types of Vulnerable Household across Social Classes in Rural India

Social Change ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-472
Author(s):  
Surajit Deb
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Rural India ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Adult Member

The eighth part of the Social Change Indicators series presents data on vulnerable households, that is, mean household size, percentage of female-headed households, percentage of households with no literate adult, percentage of households with no adult member and percentage of landless households dependent on manual casual labour across different social classes in rural areas of different states.

Drishtee: Balancing Social Mission and Financial Sustainability in Rural India

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Desa ◽  
James L. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Social Business ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Market Pressures ◽  
Viable Business

This case follows the early developments of Drishtee, an Indian social enterprise, and the evolving thoughts of its CEO – Satyan Mishra. Drishtee, founded in 2001, was initially developed to address opportunities in information and communications technology (ICT) in rural India and scaled to serve people in over 9,000 villages. While the initial social opportunity appeared to be fairly straightforward (to provide fee-based digital government documents to rural citizens), a deeper analysis of the social problem leads the reader into the tangled world of social business. The venture faces regulatory and disintermediation challenges when trying to scale the provision of government services. As the venture starts to scale, it faces two distinct pivot points: first, when deciding whether to maintain a partnership with the government and, second, when trying to create a financially viable business model. The reader bears witness to the underlying tensions between social mission and market pressures as the company evolves from a government service provider to a commercial kiosk operator.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND POVERTY FARMERS IN ACEH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifuddin Yunus ◽  
Suadi Zainal ◽  
Fadli Jalil ◽  
Cut Maya Aprita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose of the study: This study tried to examine the correlation between social capital and the poverty level of farmers in Aceh. It was linked to the uneven agricultural development of some rural areas in Aceh had caused the poverty rates in villages are higher than in the urban areas. Hence the social capital is important as other capitals in development and become the energies for the development and decreases the rate of poverty. Methodology: This research used a quantitative method by distributing the questionnaire to 300 respondents in Aceh Tamiang, Pidie Jaya and Aceh Tengah, Indonesia. The data analyzed by using the Spearman correlation with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to determining the relationship between two variables; social capital and poverty in farmers. Main Findings: This study found that there is a positive and significant correlation between social capital and the level of poverty. Famers who have a higher stock of social capital are found to be lower in the poverty rate. Applications of this study: The finding of this study is useful for the government of the Aceh government to explore and strengthen farmers' social capital to empowering their economies. It would be relevant to decreasing the poverty rate according to farmers in Aceh. Novelty/Originality of this study: The case of poverty in Aceh was widely explained by the numbers of the researcher. But there is no recent publication that has explained the relationship between poverty and social capital in Aceh. Therefore a strong level of social capital will be able to significantly reduce poverty in Aceh.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of District School Students in the Kazan Governorate during the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
G.V. Ibneyeva ◽  
◽  
A.I. Shakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, changes that took place in the social structure of district school students in the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century were analyzed. It was shown that the social representation of district school students in the region under consideration changed under the influence of the government policy on education. With the help of numerous archival clerical documents, a complex study was performed to reconstruct the social image of a typical student attending any of the district schools in the Kazan governorate of that time. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the available archival sources, a percentage ratio of students from different social classes was determined. Changes in the size of each social class were determined using mathematical methods. It was concluded that district schools of the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century saw a gradual increase in the number of students representing various social classes (lower middle class, merchants, and peasants) from both urban and rural areas. At the same time, a rise in the number of students coming from the privileged social classes was also detected.

scholarly journals Society and Taxes: An Exploratory Study of Fiscal Psychology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Ika Rahma Susilawati ◽  
Rahmat Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Extensive Discussion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

This study aims to obtain the social representation of Indonesian society about taxes, especially those originating from the suburban and rural areas. Our previous study reported results that more people are representing those who live in urban areas and have higher digital literacy skills. Therefore, this study was conducted to broaden society's representative. Data was retrieved by direct social interaction to the people who are in public areas like traditional markets, rural areas, terminals, train stations, and small and medium enterprises around the campus area. A total of 121 respondents participated in this study. The analysis reveals the finding of 27 categories in terms of the social representation of tax. Among these categories, the highest frequency of occurrence is in the obligation categorization. Later, followed by categories of public interest, burdens, necessary, and corruption. In general, most respondents associate taxes with obligations. They acknowledge the importance of tax in an ideal, normative, and constitutional way. Under those circumstances, it heads them to comply with the tax rules. This reinforces the reasons why they tend to be more tax- compliant. However, tax is also associated with financial and non-financial burdens. The widespread practice of corruption or misuse of tax money further diminishes people's trust towards the government. This becomes a potential factor in progressively reducing individual tax compliance. A more extensive discussion is presented in the discussion.

scholarly journals Social Policy, COVID-19 and Impoverished Migrants: Challenges and Prospects in Locked Down India

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohini Sengupta ◽  
Manish K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

As countries shore up existing safeguards to address the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, India faces a humanitarian disaster of unprecedented proportions. Ninety per cent of the Indian workforce is employed in the unorganised sector; uncounted millions work in urban areas at great distances from rural homes. When the Government of India (GOI) announced the sudden ‘lockdown’ in March to contain the spread of the pandemic, migrant informal workers were mired in a survival crisis, through income loss, hunger, destitution and persecution from authorities policing containment and fearful communities maintaining ‘social distance’. In this context, the article analyses how poverty, informality and inequality are accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic experiences of ‘locked down’ migrant workers. The article examines the nature and scope of existing social policy, designed under changing political regimes and a fluctuating economic climate, to protect this vulnerable group and mitigate dislocation, discrimination and destitution at this moment and in future.

scholarly journals TO THE DISCUSSION OF THE PROSPECTS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY INTO A BOURGEOIS MONARCHY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE JUDICIAL REFORM OF 1864)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
T.P. Evseenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
State System ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Socialist Revolution ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Class System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Democratic Revolution ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article deals with the problem of opportunities for reforming the social and state system of the Russian autocracy. The example of the Judicial reform of 1864 shows the limits of the tsarism's ability to reform. The author considers the preservation of the class system in the Russian Empire as the main reason for incomplete reforms. The desire to preserve the privileges of the nobility by any means did not allow the government to realize the real needs of society. Without seeing the emergence of new social classes, the government could not protect their interests. At the same time, the autocracy imposed on society its understanding of its interests. This policy has led to a distortion of the ideological development of the Russian bourgeoisie, making it unable to independently protect even the most important of its own interests. Therefore, the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution had to be solved by other, anti-bourgeois forces in the course of the socialist revolution.

scholarly journals Analisis Kondisi Sosial Dan Pengetahuan Ibu Rumah Tangga Terhadap Pengelolaan Sampah Di Kecamatan Poasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Uliana Uliana ◽  
Ahmad Hidayat ◽  
Anita Indriasary
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Abstrak: Kondisi fisik lahan perkotaaan semakin sempit dan kurangnya ruang terbuka untuk pengelolaan sampah sehingga perlu ditingkatkan partisipasi masyarkat dalam pengelolaan sampah agar masyarakat mampu secara mandiri peduli terhadap lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini,yaitu: (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi sosial ibu-ibu rumah tangga di Kecamatan Poasia terhadap pengelolaan sampah; (2) untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengetahun lingkungan ibu-ibu rumah tangga di Kecamatan Poasia terhadap pengelolaan sampah. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis regresi linear berganda pada aplikasi SPSS versi 16.0. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain: (1) kondisi sosial ibu-ibu rumah tangga (umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan) berpengaruh terhadap pengelolaan sampah. Hal ini dibuktikan  dengan uji regresi linear berganda diperoleh nilai signifikan kondisi sosial (X1) adalah sebesar 0,771 dan nilai t hitung sebesar 0,292; (2) pengetahuan lingkungan  ibu-ibu rumah tangga berpengaruh terhadap pengelolaan sampah. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil uji regresi linear berganda diperoleh nilai signifikan pengetahuan (X2) sebesar 0,000 dan nilai t hitung sebesar 5,565. Oleh karena itu, Kelurahan Anggoeya perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus oleh pemerintah, karena wilayah tersebut memiliki volume sampah terbesar di Kecamatan Poasia namun kondisi sosial ibu rumah tangga masih lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah lain seperti Kelurahan Anduonohu dan Kelurahan Anggoeya. Selain itu, pengetahuan ibu-ibu rumah tangga di Kelurahan Anggoeya dominan kategori buruk. Kata Kunci: kondisi sosial, pegetahuan, pengelolaan sampah Abstract: The physical condition of urban areas is increasingly narrow and the lack of open space for waste management needs to be increased by community participation in waste management so that the community is able to independently care for the environment. The purpose of this study are: (1) to determining the effect of social conditions of housewives in Poasia District on waste management; (2) to determining the effect of environmental knowledge of housewives in Poasia District on waste management. This research method is a qualitative research method by conducting multiple linear regression analysis on the application of SPSS version 16.0. The results of this study are: (1) the social conditions of housewives (age, education, employment, and income) affect the waste management. This is evidenced by the multiple linear regression test obtained a significant value of social conditions (X1) of 0,771 and t value of 0,292; (2) environmental knowledge of housewives influences waste management. This is evidenced by the results of multiple linear regression tests obtained a significant value of knowledge (X2) of 0,000 and t value of 5,565. Therefore, Anggoeya Village needs to get special attention from the government, because the region has the largest volume of waste in Poasia District, but the social condition of housewives is still lower when compared to other regions such as Anduonohu and Anggoeya. In addition, the knowledge of housewives in Anggoeya Kelurahan is dominant in the bad category. Keywords: social conditions, knowledge, waste management

scholarly journals Intra-Urban Mobility in the Estimation of Risk Scenarios by BTEX Emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Garcia-Zarate ◽  
María Evarista Arellano-García ◽  
Mariana Villada Canela ◽  
Patricia Aceves-Calderon ◽  
Christine Alysse Von- Glascoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Residential Proximity ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Risk Scenarios ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Vapor Emissions

The population’s mobility in urban areas is a necessary variable in the modeling of risk scenarios caused by atmospheric contamination. The inclusion of this concept makes static models more dynamic while considering people within a city to be an entity with complex mobility processes. We propose a conceptual and methodological tool to make the representation of the social, economic and territorial components, as well as the patterns in the population´s mobility to delimitate risk areas for human health by exposure of contaminants. In the volatile organic compounds (VOC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (BTEX) are amongst the most dominant substances in fugitive vapor emissions in gas stations (GS). In urban areas, the exposure to BTEX by residential proximity and proximity to other facilities, which cause intra-urban agglomeration, can impact and affect human health. This model seeks to facilitate the focalization, identification and prioritization of risk areas by BTEX environmental contamination. This article goes beyond de conceptual framework. It suggests methodological and instrumental aspects to be applied in other cities. The government agencies must consider these results when establishing rules, permissions and procedures to reduce environmental pollution for managing the risk in a complex urban environment.

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