Family and Medical Leave Legislation: Organizational Policies & Strategies

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Crampton ◽  
Jitendra M. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unpaid Leave ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
The U.S

Problems have resulted from the novel situation in the U.S. society where more and more parents are working, leaving them with less time and energy during the period surrounding the birth and early growth of a new infant. This issue has received considerable attention from both the private and public sectors. An increasing number of progressive companies have been proactive in offering paid and unpaid family leaves as part of their employees’ benefit package. On February 5, 1993, President Clinton signed a bill into law granting up to a total of 12 weeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period to cope with a family sickness, childbirth or adoption. This paper discusses the history of family leaves and the passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) along with its provisions and implications. The FMLA is just a first step for the U.S. as other countries provide paid family leave with varying percentages of pay compared to the U.S. Examples of leave policies around the world are examined.

An Army of Theaters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Motion Picture ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Film Exhibition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Formation ◽  
Digital Projection ◽  
The U.S

This chapter, by Ross Melnick, examines the history of the Army Motion Picture Service (AMPS) and the intricate relationship between the U.S. Army and motion picture exhibition during both war and peacetime. Focusing on the industrial, logistical, and economic formation of AMPS, this chapter focuses on three key periods in the history of U.S. Army film exhibition. It argues that AMPS’s early status as independent of Army Morale, Welfare, and Recreation created unique challenges that hindered its early growth on U.S. Army bases and ultimately led to its withering amid the coming of digital projection and other contemporary challenges.

scholarly journals The Khrinnytski Szlachta Family in Private and Public Life of Early Modern Volhynia. The Line of Mykhailo Svatkovych Khrinnytski

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-88
Author(s):  
Iryna Voronchuk
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Connections ◽  
Land Holdings

The article elucidates the history of the Khrinnytski szlachta family, which during the 16th – first half of the 17th century gradually ascended from the ranks of petty and nameless Volhynian szlachta to the status of the most influential families that played an important role in the political, military and public life of the Volhynian society. A historiographical review of the works of Polish genealogists, who include Ukrainian szlahcta to the Polish nobility, demonstrates scarcity of information on this family and some inaccuracies, which documentary sources have allowed to correct.On the basis of documents, the first cohorts of the clan are singled out and matrimonial ties and individual family structures are re-establsihed. The occupations of individual members of the family who held important offices in local administration of that time are identified. It is ascertained that the rise of the entire Khrinnytski House among the Volhynian szlachta began with Mykhailo Svatkovych, who, owning to his advantageous matrimonial ties, formed family connections with such powerful Volhynian families as the Semashkis and Rusyn Berestetskis, who by that time were already holding important land offices. Ivan Mykhailovych, the son of Mykhailo Svatkovych, gained some considerable influence among the szlachta: for almost 46 years he, at first, held the office of a Lutsk under-judge and then of a Lutsk judge. Public activities of the members of the family are analyzed, especially their participation in the socio-religious struggle, which was related to those significant changes that took place in the Commonwealth and particulary in Volhynia. The participation of the Khrinnitskis in the struggle against the introduction of the Brest Union and their partaking in the establishment of fraternities and military expeditions are revealed and presented.The property status of the family during the 16th – first half of the 17th century is analyzed. On the basis of documents, it is proved that members of the family, holding important land offices, started to become rich and actively acquired estates. Profitable marriages with representatives of princely and magnate families also brought them big land holdings. All that contributed to the transition of the family from petty szlachta to a group of a few powerful magnate families.

scholarly journals The Reception of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors in 1900s-1940s: Religious and Philosophical Understanding, Biography, Psychoanalysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-195
Author(s):  
Olga A. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The history of the perception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century is divided into two large, qualitatively different periods: the Silver Age and the 1920s–1940s. The peculiarity of the first one is the discovery of Dostoevsky as a philosopher and religious thinker, while the second the awareness of him as an original artist. Therefore, in the first period, “ideological” and “spiritual” interpretations of The Adolescent prevailed, in the second – scientific studies of his poetics and especially of the manuscript corpus. The main areas of study of The Adolescent in the 1920s and 1940s were biography, psychoanalysis, and poetics, together with a continuous religious and philosophical understanding of the novel. The reviewed material is considered in chronological order. There is no clear distinction between Soviet and emigrant researchers, although there is a difference in the conditions in which they worked. Among the authors who wrote about The Adolescent in the 1900s and 1910s, symbolist and religious-philosophical interpretations predominate (D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.A. Blok, V.V. Rozanov, A.S. Glinka-Volzhsky, N.A. Berdyaev), judgments from the positions of naturalism, positivism, and Marxism are less common (A.I. Vvedensky, V.V. Veresaev, V.F. Pereverzev). If in the USSR of the 1920s–1940s references to The Adolescent in a religious and philosophical way are rare (N.O. Lossky), then in emigration they are quite numerous (metropolitan Antony Khrapovitsky, N.A. Berdyaev, A.Z. Steinberg, E.Yu. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N.O. Lossky). In Dostoevsky’s biographies of the 1920s–1940s, the myth of the writer’s gloomy childhood prevails, as if depicted in the plot of Arkady Dolgoruky, the hero of The Adolescent (L.P. Grossman, I.D. Ermakov, K.V. Mochulsky), but in the same years, there is confidence in the evidence of Dostoevsky’s happy childhood (O. von Schultz, G.I. Chulkov). Psychoanalysis, authoritative in the 1920s, considered the family conflict of The Adolescent in the light of the Oedipus complex and the teachings of Z. Freud on the structure of the human personality (A.A. Kashina-Evreinova, B.A. Griftsov, I.D. Ermakov, P.S. Popov).

FMLA: Department of Labor Overstepped Authority

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-465
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
Department Of Labor ◽  
Health Care Context ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leave Of Absence ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
The U.S

In Ragsdale v. Wolverine World-Wide the U.S. Supreme Court held that the U.S. Department of Labor overstepped its authority by requiring employers to formally indicate when they are counting an employee's leave of absence against that employee's entitlement under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA). Ragsdale addressed the administrative burdens of notice present in situations where employers offer a more generous leave policy than the statutory minimums offered by the FMLA. In so doing, the court sought to answer the question of how to reconcile the promotion of generous leave policies in the private sector with simultaneous protection of the relatively new FMLA rights entitlement. The court's 5—4 decision highlights sharp judicial disagreement about how to best achieve this balance. Determining whether employers should provide formal notice that an employee's absence is FMLA-related also illustrates how a traditional-separation-of-powersa nalysis in the health-care context is increasingly complicated by administrative regulations.

The Cold War, Propaganda, and the State–Private Network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby C. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
Private Network ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
The U.S

This chapter traces the reemergence of the U.S. psychological warfare apparatus—particularly propaganda—during the Cold War. Though widely deployed during the Second World War, these methods were initially held back in its aftermath. Nevertheless, the machinery for psychological warfare was designed, built, and refined under the presidency of Harry S. Truman and eagerly molded by his successor, Dwight Eisenhower. That both administrations decided to pour time and energy into propaganda also reveals much about the history of the twentieth century. This chapter maps out the United States' use of propaganda and psychological warfare in the years leading up to and during the Cold War. In addition, it also examines the U.S. government's use of private businesses, groups, and organizations to support U.S. foreign policy objectives.

“The world…seen from this angle undoubtedly looks queer”: History, Heritage, and the Queer Domesticity of Between the Acts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wilson
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
National History ◽  
Domestic Novel ◽  
Three Guineas ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Between The Acts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domestic Lives ◽  
Romance Plot

The paper reads Woolf’s last work as a queerly domestic novel: centered on the space of Pointz Hall and the history of England and simultaneously decentering the heterosexual romance plot and the British Army, rewriting the English home and English heritage. Woolf crafts her revision by connecting the creative work of Miss La Trobe and Isa Oliver, whose particular expressions turn the queer and queering gaze of the female outsider onto the two faces of domesticity—private and national—and demonstrate their inextricable links to each other. In Three Guineas, Woolf repeatedly describes the queerness of the vantage point available to the daughters of educated men: the view of the world seen through the filter of domesticity, queer in that it renders strange the accepted order of the patriarchal world. Woolf draws together the reluctantly domesticated Isa’s private poetry, hidden in the family accounts book, and the lesbian, quasi-foreign La Trobe’s publicly performed play about English national history to produce a queer revision of domestic inheritance on personal and national levels. Isa’s and La Trobe’s creative efforts and their domestic lives are marked with incompleteness, dissatisfaction, and failure, which suggests that a queerly domestic viewpoint cannot be an end in itself, particularly on the brink of war. But the novel also insists that women’s queering perspectives on domestic life provides a necessary counterpoint to personal and national stories of violence and patriotism.

scholarly journals Subverting the pastoral: the transcendence of space and place in J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace

Literator ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smit-Marais ◽  
M. Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The South ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence

This article investigates how J.M. Coetzee’s “Disgrace” (1999) – portrayed as a postcolonial and postmodern fictional event – embodies, problematises and subverts the vision of the pastoral farm novel tradition by transcending traditional configurations of space and place. The novel offers a rather bleak apocalyptic vision of gender roles, racial relationships and family relations in post-apartheid South Africa and expresses the socio-political tensions pertaining to the South African landscape in terms of personal relationships. As a fictional reworking of the farm novel, “Disgrace” draws on the tradition’s anxieties about the rights of (white) ownership, but within a post-apartheid context. As such, “Disgrace” challenges the pastoral farm novel’s “dream topography” (Coetzee, 1988:6) of the family farm ruled by the patriarch – a topography inscribed – with the help of the invisible labour of black hands – as a legacy of power and ownership to be inherited and cultivated in perpetuity. Accordingly, the concept “farm” is portrayed as a contested and liminal space inscribed with a history of violence and dispossession – a dystopia. This article therefore conceptualises “Disgrace” as an antipastoral farm novel that reconfigures the concept “farm” – within the context of the South African reality – by subverting, inverting and parodying the structures of space and place postulated by the pastoral farm novel.

scholarly journals The Family and Medical Leave Act: A Policy Analysis and Recommendations to Address Employed Caregiver Burden

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
Geunhye Park ◽  
Erin Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unpaid Leave ◽  
Employed Caregivers

Abstract Family caregiving plays a pivotal role in the long-term care system in the U.S, as there are over 40.4 million people providing unpaid care to individuals aged 65+ (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). The majority are women providing supports to a parent/grandparent and provide an average of three hours of care each day. This places greater demands on family caregivers in balancing their dual caregiver/employment roles. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 enables family caregivers to take unpaid leave to provide supports to immediate family. While FMLA was intended to provide flexibility to employed caregivers, many struggle with family-work conflicts and caregiver burden is high. Therefore, this conceptual paper offers a critical examination of FMLA and how family caregivers of older adults are impacted. Results of this analysis revealed three themes. First, FMLA is largely inadequate for employed caregivers, as only 60% of the workforce are eligible and unpaid leave restrictions create considerable financial hardship. Second, employer discrimination is high and family caregiving discrimination claims have dramatically increased since FMLA was enacted. And third, many employed caregivers are unaware of FMLA policies and eligibility requirements, which results in underutilization of benefits. Based upon these results, several policy and employer recommendations can be made, such as expanding FMLA coverage to include paid leave and non-immediate family caregivers. Additional recommendations will also be addressed. As it has been nearly 30 years since FMLA was enacted, updated policy is vital to continue supporting employed caregivers in their roles.

scholarly journals Between small village and world: trilogy “Ost” by Ulas Samchuk

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Вадим Василенко
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Modern Novel ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Chronicle ◽  
High Literature

The paper considers the trilogy of novels by Ulas Samchuk “Ost” as a genre variety of a family chronicle. The main issues are its genre nature, correlation of the work with traditions of the classic Ukrainian novel and the modern novel forms, its relation to the concept of “high literature”, the ideological and aesthetic views of the author. The main point of the paper is the interpretation of Ulas Samchuk’s novel as an attempt to implement the idea of high literature substantiated by him. The concept of high literature in Ulas Samchuk’s sense is related to the concept of classical literature, and the very idea of literary work in exile is connected with the idea of the lost statehood. The realistic basis of Ulas Samchuk’s novels originates in his understanding of realism as an artistic style and principle of depicting reality, the “universal key to the door of reality”. At the same time, the researcher testifies to the blurring of style shapes in Ulas Samchuk’s postwar prose and points to the combination of realistic traditions and modernist tendencies in it. Focusing on the concept of generation and family in the novel, the author emphasizes the relations between the generations, because each one plays its significant role in the complex drama of the family and national histories. The family, as the subject of action and one of the main actors in the theater of history, becomes a symbolic embodiment of the trauma generated by history. The notion of idyllic chronotope is connected with the sacred space of family, the motive of searching harmony. The basic element of such chronotope is the topos of hamlet as a form of ideal national existence. The idea of destroying the hamlet during the revolution is related to the process of destroying the family idyll. In general, the history of Moroz’s family in Ulas Samchuk’s novel is a reflection of the national history, and the destroyed space of the family is a field in which the Soviet totalitarianism repressive mechanisms were tested.

LT: Yes, I think so. You move between and among all those different states. In a way desire, libido, that sort of drive, that energy— without it you probably wouldn’t do anything. But when you have it, when you’re experiencing it very, very strongly, so that it’s pushing you in all sorts of ways, you’re also at its mercy. You can feel content, maybe, in the moment when you’re not feeling that, but you’re also in a static state. You may have a period of equilibrium but you’re always going to head toward a state of disequilibrium. PN: There are several moments in Cast in Doubt where Horace finds himself ‘without or separate from desire’; ‘Indeed I felt blank’, he says (C, 141). LT: Yes—a desire not to desire. I’m working on a story now in which a woman likes to watch pornography. But to say ‘I like this’, or to say ‘I want to see this’, means that those things are not in her life. That’s the implication. That’s why nobody wants to be caught wanting. We’re filled with desires, but you’re not supposed to say that you have them. Because if you have them, it means that you’re lacking. At the ICA panel on Straight Sex, Lynne Segal in November talked about female heterosexual agency in so-called straight sex that everybody agrees is not so straight. Later all I could think about was that implied in the term ‘I desire’ is its own negation, a negation of agency. If you desire then you have a problem. But you can always say, ‘I wanted him and I got him.’ PN: But he wasn’t good enough! LT: Then I wanted someone else! PN: Can we go back to your first book, Haunted Houses? I gather the title comes from a passage in H.D.’s Tribute to Freud where she says that ‘We are all haunted houses.’ At the end of the novel that haunting is described as ‘A bad feeling that someone or something is never going to let you alone’ (H, 206). What kind of someone or something were you trying to get at in this novel? LT: I guess it’s a question of personal history, psychological history, of one’s family, which never leaves you alone. The idea that you can be completely free of that is bogus. Moving from personal history into public history, your present is always inflected by your past. I believe one can move, with a lot of psychological work, further away from the neurosis of the family, but perhaps never completely. PN: There’s certainly a lot of interest in this first book in forms of recollection and repetition. The young women in the novel fear they will repeat the lives of their mothers, and it’s as if the

2005 ◽  
pp. 53-53
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Public History ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Static State ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Haunted Houses ◽  
As If
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