Christian Witness Indices: Some Positive Reinforcement

We usually see the poor through lenses of physical poverty. Unfortunately, we have few measures to gauge the “lost” or spiritually poor. Spiritual indices developed by World Vision are described and then examined using four statistical tests. Results show that the indices are generally reliable. The measures, however, should be used in tandem as spiritual poverty is a very difficult subject to evaluate objectively.

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Ghana’s energy access journey so far: a review of key strategies

International Journal of Energy Sector Management ◽

10.1108/ijesm-02-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Dramani Bukari ◽

Francis Xavier Dery Tuokuu ◽

Shafic Suleman ◽

Ishmael Ackah ◽

Godwin Apenu

Keyword(s):

International Energy Agency ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Energy Access ◽

Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Policy Documents ◽

Content Type ◽

World Vision ◽

The Poor ◽

The Rich

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the programmes being implemented with a view to ascertaining if they adequately address the energy needs of the poor more holistically and sustainably. Design/methodology/approach The content of this desktop review is based on information collected through a review of available energy policy documents from the Ghana Government and related governmental agencies, such as the Energy Commission and Ghana Statistical Services, international energy-related agencies, such as the International Energy Agency (World Vision, 2013), as well as other related web searches. Additionally, global and Sub-Saharan African energy access documents were reviewed by analysing secondary data from the World Bank and UN policy reports, statistical data, strategies, regulations, protocols and other related documents (World Vision, 2013). Furthermore, some policy documents on energy access and usage were explored mainly from Senegal and Ghana to ascertain governments’ policies, regulations and strategies in the implementation of energy access policies. Findings The paper offers all the various strategies being implemented in an attempt to establish a foothold on the problem of affording the poor with clean and affordable energies. The paper also presents the rich experiences of Senegal in its bid to see expanded access in liquefied petroleum gas usage by residential consumers. Originality/value The paper provides some policy and theoretical implications for improving Ghana’s energy access.

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The Poor and the Lost: A Holistic View of Poverty

Missiology An International Review ◽

10.1177/009182969502300301 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 259-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donald P. Brandt

Keyword(s):

Scatter Plot ◽

Holistic View ◽

Development Agency ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

World Vision ◽

The Poor ◽

Two Indices ◽

Development Agencies

Christian development agencies often purport to work with the physically and spiritually poor. Do they? To answer this question, several measures of poverty are combined into two indices to better define “the poor.” World maps and a scatter plot are used to show physical and spiritual poverty. The question is then answered for one Christian development agency. World Vision International. The paper concludes with implications for mission. What does presenting the gospel mean in a world in which the physically poor are often the most spiritually impoverished? Now add restrictions to speech, especially in Muslim countries, where the verbal gospel is unwelcomed. In such situations, holistic practitioners would seem to be the messengers of the hour.

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Measuring Multidimensional Poverty in Kabul

Kateb Quarterly Scientific Research journal ◽

10.32592/kqsrj.2020.7.16.2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-55

Keyword(s):

Child Labor ◽

Research Method ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Multidimensional Poverty ◽

Living Standards ◽

Data Collection Tool ◽

Statistical Population ◽

The Poor ◽

Per Capita ◽

Spss Software

The main aim of this study is to measure the extent of multidimensional poverty in Kabul and compare different areas. The research method is a survey. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is all households living in Kabul. Since the residents of Kabul is over 6 million people, we use Cochran's formula. We selected 300 families. According to the research background, the judges determined the validity of the questionnaire. We used Cronbach's Alpha calculation to determine the questionnaire's reliability. The value of which was (78.9%) on average for different sections. To perform statistical tests, we use SPSS software. The results show that generally, households in Kabul are not the poor according to the dimensions and criteria of multidimensional poverty; because the maximum deprivation rate is less than (40 %(. Partly, the highest poverty rates were related to the criteria such as (37%) deprivation in the roof of the house, (28.7%) deprivation in the wall of the house, (27.3%) deprivation of literacy in adults, and (18.8%) deprivation in the per capita room. The lowest deprivation rates were (0.3%) for electricity, (1%) for bathrooms, (2.3%) for children, (4.3%) for disability, (4.4%) for drinking water, (6.7%) for unemployment, (6.7%) for children, (8%) for household floors, and (9.7%) for health services. There are no restrictions on child labor, heating facilities, and cooking fuel. Also, among the surveyed areas, District 4 has the highest deprivation and poverty in terms of education, living standards, work, and housing compared to other selected areas of Kabul city.

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Factors Related to Participation of BPJS Mandiri

Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research ◽

10.37287/ijghr.v3i3.520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 317-332

Author(s):

Yesi Triantina ◽

Atikah Adyas ◽

Kodrat Pamudho

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Distribution Channel ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Distribution Channels ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Poor ◽

Chi Square Test

Based on the data obtained from BPJS of Lampung Province in 2020, Tulang Bawang Barat Regency is the regency with the lowest number of BPJS participation in Lampung Province compared to 12 other regencies. The total number of BPJS Mandiri participants in 2020 was 45,738 people, which is still below the set target of 117,000 people. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors related to the participation of BPJS Mandiri in Tulang Bawang Barat Regency in 2021. The research is a quantitative descriptive type, with the research design in this research is analytic with a cross sectional approach. The population is 9,848 people, the sample size is 117, the sampling technique is stratified random sampling. The technique of collecting data on research variables about products, prices, distribution channels, promotions and membership of BPJS Mandiri in this study is filling out a questionnaire directly by respondents who are assisted by 5 enumerators, then after filling in the data directly collected on the same day. Univariate data analysis using percentage measures, bivariate analysis using chi square test and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression statistical tests. The results showed that the distribution of BPJS product frequency was higher in the poor category by 82 people (70.1%), BPJS prices were higher in the poor category by 84 people (71.8%), distribution channels were higher in the poor category by 68 people (58.1%), BPJS Mandiri promotion was higher in the poor category by 71 people (60.7%), BPJS Mandiri participation was higher in the category of non BPJS Mandiri participants by 60 people (51.3%). The results of the chi square test showed that there was a product relationship (p value = 0.009 < 0.05), there was a price relationship (p value = 0.001 < 0.05), there was no distribution channel relationship (p value = 0.542 > 0.05) and there is a promotion relationship (p value = 0.007 < 0.05) with BPJS Mandiri participation. Price variable is the most dominant variable related to BPJS Mandiri participation (p value = 0.019 < 0.05).

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Context-dependent reinforcement learning impairment in depression

10.31234/osf.io/s8bf7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

henri Vandendriessche ◽

Amel Demmou ◽

Sophie Bavard ◽

Julien Yadak ◽

Cédric Lemogne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reinforcement Learning ◽

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Original Learning ◽

Expected Value ◽

Learning Performance ◽

Transfer Phase ◽

Learning Context ◽

Context Analysis ◽

The Poor ◽

Context Dependent

Backgrounds:Value-based decision-making impairment in depression is a complex phenomenon: while some studies did find evidence of blunted reward learning and reward-related signals in the brain, others indicate no effect. Here we test whether such reward sensitivity deficits are dependent on the overall value of the decision problem.Methods:We used a two-armed bandit task that includes two different contexts: one ‘rich’ context where both options were associated with an overall positive expected value and a ‘poor’ context where options were associated with overall negative expected value. We tested patients (N=30) undergoing a major depressive episode and age, gender and socio-economically matched controls (N=26). To assess whether differences in learning performance were due to a decision or a value-update process, we also analysed performance in a transfer phase, performed immediately after the learning phase. ResultsHealthy subjects showed similar learning performance in the ‘rich’ and the ‘poor’ contexts, while patients showed reduced learning in the ‘poor’ context. Analysis of the transfer phase showed that the context-dependent deficit in patients generalized when options were extrapolated from their original learning context, thus suggesting that the effect of depression has to be traced to the outcome encoding, rather than the decision phase.ConclusionsOur results illustrate that reinforcement learning deficits in depression are complex and depend on the value of the context. We show that depressive patients have a specific trouble in contexts with an overall negative state value, supporting the relevance of setting up patients in a spiral of positive reinforcement.

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Peran Penyuluhan Keluarga Berencana dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan KB pada Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) Kelompok Masyarakat Miskin

Jurnal Penyuluhan ◽

10.25015/17202134151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 60-71

Author(s):

Anna Fatchiya ◽

Asri Sulistyawati ◽

Budi Setiawan ◽

Rizal Damanik

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Survey Method ◽

Extension Agents ◽

Family Planning Services ◽

Extension Services ◽

The Poor ◽

Poor Families ◽

Level Of Knowledge

Family planning (KB) is an effective effort to control the population and at the same time improve a better life for the community, especially for poor families. The availability of information and extension services is important to increase the participation of fertile aged couples (PUS) in poor families in accessing family planning services. For this reason, this study aims to (1) describe the level of knowledge of PUS poor families on family planning information and counseling, and (2) to analyze the effect of extension agents on the level of knowledge of PUS about family planning. Data were collected through a survey method using questionnaire on 120 respondents representing PUS in poor families in Bogor Regency and Bogor City. Each district / city was selected the sub-district that had the highest number of poor PUS. The results showed that the level of knowledge about family planning with the poor in PUS was classified as low. The results of statistical tests show that extension services have an effect on the level of knowledge of the PUS about family planning.

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High-Resolution, Low-Voltage SEM of Cell Wall Regeneration of Yeast Shizosaccharomyces Pombe Protoplasts

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103127 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 208-211

Author(s):

M. Osumi ◽

N. Yamada ◽

T. Nagatani

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Cell Wall Regeneration ◽

The Past ◽

The Poor ◽

Probe Size ◽

Beam Damage ◽

Biological Field ◽

Scanning Electron

Even though many early workers had suggested the use of lower voltages to increase topographic contrast and to reduce specimen charging and beam damage, we did not usually operate in the conventional scanning electron microscope at low voltage because of the poor resolution, especially of bioligical specimens. However, the development of the “in-lens” field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has led to marked inprovement in resolution, especially in the range of 1-5 kV, within the past year. The probe size has been cumulated to be 0.7nm in diameter at 30kV and about 3nm at 1kV. We have been trying to develop techniques to use this in-lens FESEM at low voltage (LVSEM) for direct observation of totally uncoated biological specimens and have developed the LVSEM method for the biological field.

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Artefacts in the x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological samples

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100127724 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 658-659

Author(s):

Patrick Echlin

Keyword(s):

Electron Scattering ◽

Biological Samples ◽

Fracture Face ◽

Detailed Structure ◽

X Ray ◽

Morphological Appearance ◽

The Poor ◽

Freeze Dried

A number of papers have appeared recently which purport to have carried out x-ray microanalysis on fully frozen hydrated samples. It is important to establish reliable criteria to be certain that a sample is in a fully hydrated state. The morphological appearance of the sample is an obvious parameter because fully hydrated samples lack the detailed structure seen in their freeze dried counterparts. The electron scattering by ice within a frozen-hydrated section and from the surface of a frozen-hydrated fracture face obscures cellular detail. (Fig. 1G and 1H.) However, the morphological appearance alone can be quite deceptive for as Figures 1E and 1F show, parts of frozen-dried samples may also have the poor morphology normally associated with fully hydrated samples. It is only when one examines the x-ray spectra that an assurance can be given that the sample is fully hydrated.

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Influence of the Acoustic Reflex on Vowel Recognition

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2903.420 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 420-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael Dorman ◽

Ingrid Cedar ◽

Maureen Hannley ◽

Marjorie Leek ◽

Julie Mapes Lindholm

Keyword(s):

Auditory System ◽

Sound Pressure ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Recognition Accuracy ◽

Pressure Level ◽

Acoustic Reflex ◽

The Poor ◽

Stapedial Reflex ◽

Vowel Recognition ◽

High Sound

Computer synthesized vowels of 50- and 300-ms duration were presented to normal-hearing listeners at a moderate and high sound pressure level (SPL). Presentation at the high SPL resulted in poor recognition accuracy for vowels of a duration (50 ms) shorter than the latency of the acoustic stapedial reflex. Presentation level had no effect on recognition accuracy for vowels of sufficient duration (300 ms) to elicit the reflex. The poor recognition accuracy for the brief, high intensity vowels was significantly improved when the reflex was preactivated. These results demonstrate the importance of the acoustic reflex in extending the dynamic range of the auditory system for speech recognition.

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