scholarly journals Displacing air conditioning in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An evaluation of ‘fabric first’ design integrated with hybrid night radiant and ground pipe cooling systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamil Hijazi ◽  
Stirling Howieson
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cooling Loads

This paper presents an investigation into the viability of ‘fabric first’ intelligent architectural design measures, in combination with a hybrid cooling system.The specific aim is to displace air conditioning (AC) and reduce carbon dioxide, while maintaining thermal comfort, in a typical housing block in KSA. The results of thermal modelling and prototype field trials suggest that passive design measures combined with night radiant cooling and supply ventilation via ground pipes, can negate the requirement for a standard AC system. Such a strategy may also have a remarkably short payback period when energy savings, in use, are set against the additional capital costs associated with improved building fabric performance. Practical application: This study suggests that a significant proportion of AC cooling energy can be displaced by improving building fabric performance in combination with supply ventilation via ground pipes. As radiometer readings fell as low as 2.8℃ when the night sky is clear, roof-mounted high emissivity hydronic radiant panels can also provide a significant opportunity for additional heat flushing. In hybrid combination, these strategies have the potential to lower the carbon footprint of a typical housing block in KSA by over 80% and these measures and strategies will be equally applicable and cost-effective in all geographic regions of the world where cooling loads represent the predominant domestic energy use.

Analysis of the Energy Saving Potentials for Near-Zero Energy Buildings in Shanghai

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Huang ◽  
Donghyun Seo ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Building Models

The Changning District in Shanghai has expressed interest to becoming a green neighborhood and has asked for recommendations on how to reduce the energy usage in public buildings in their district. The objective of this short study is to identify the likely range of further reductions in the energy use and carbon emissions of new buildings through energy-efficiency improvements and the use of renewable energy, i.e., solar hot water (SHW), photovoltaics (PV), and ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), as compared to buildings that meet the current public building energy code in Shanghai. This analysis is done using DOE-2.1E computer simulations of three prototypical building models — an office, a hotel, and a mixed-use retail/office building — that have been calibrated against measured energy data from such buildings in the Changning District. After the building models have been calibrated, they are then used to establish the baseline energy use for code-compliant buildings, and to calculate the energy savings for 16 potential EEMs (Energy Efficiency Measures) that exceed the building energy code. A LCC (Life-Cycle Cost) analysis is done to compare the energy cost reductions to the capital costs for the EEMs, with the result that some EEMs are rejected as being not cost-effective over a 25 year period. The usage of the EEMs accepted as cost-effective is found to reduce the energy usage of the three building types by 30–40% in the office, 43–46% in the hotel, and 35% in the retail, depending on the assumed discount rate. If all the EEMs are considered regardless of cost, the energy savings increase to 44% in the office, 47% in the hotel, and 36% in the retail.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

scholarly journals Thermochromic Paints on External Surfaces: Impact Assessment for a Residential Building through Thermal and Energy Simulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Granadeiro ◽  
Margarida Almeida ◽  
Tiago Souto ◽  
Vítor Leal ◽  
João Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Step Transition ◽  
Linear Manner

This work addresses the effect of using thermochromic paints in residential buildings. Two different thermochromic paint types were considered: One that changes properties through a step transition at a certain temperature, and another that changes properties in a gradual/linear manner throughout a temperature range. The studied building was a two-floor villa, virtually simulated through a digital model with and without thermal insulation, and considering thermochromic paints applied both on external walls and on the roof. The performance assessment was done through the energy use for heating and cooling (in conditioned mode), as well as in terms of the indoor temperature (in free-floating mode). Three different cities/climates were considered: Porto, Madrid, and Abu Dhabi. Results showed that energy savings up to 50.6% could be reached if the building is operated in conditioned mode. Conversely, when operated in free-floating mode, optimally selected thermochromic paints enable reductions up to 11.0 °C, during summertime, and an increase up to 2.7 °C, during wintertime. These results point out the great benefits of using optimally selected thermochromic paints for obtaining thermal comfort, and also the need to further develop stable and cost-effective thermochromic pigments for outdoor applications, as well as to test physical models in a real environment.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Energy Use in the Mexican Residential Sector by Using Two Approaches Regarding the Behavior of the Occupants

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Oropeza-Perez ◽  
Astrid Petzold-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Reliable Basis

An analysis of the energy use in the Mexican residential sector is carried out. To achieve this, two approaches are taken into account. The first one is the usage of low-energy devices, and the second one is the decrease of their time of use. These two approaches are considered in the calculation method with random values of power and time of usage. The energy activities are divided into air-conditioning, illumination & appliances, and refrigeration. After total annual use is validated with the actual values of energy use in 2015, a sensitivity analysis of the approaches used separately and together is carried out in order to determine the potential of energy saving. Thereby, it is found that the most influential parameter for energy saving is the extensive acquisition of more efficient technologies of illumination & appliances, followed by the decrease of use of the same illumination & appliances. Furthermore, with an integrated approach that takes into account both the use of efficient devices and the reduction of their use for the three energy activities, a maximum of 19.67 TWh is calculated in 2015 for the Mexican residential sector. This approach is therefore expected to have a reliable basis for the development and improvement of policies that help to drive energy savings in an extensive manner in Mexico.

scholarly journals Identification of Environmental and Contextual Driving Factors of Air Conditioning Usage Behaviour in the Sydney Residential Buildings

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Bongchan Jeong ◽  
Jungsoo Kim ◽  
Zhenjun Ma ◽  
Paul Cooper ◽  
Richard de Dear
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Building Energy Performance

Air conditioning (A/C) is generally responsible for a significant proportion of total building energy consumption. However, occupants’ air conditioning usage patterns are often unrealistically characterised in building energy performance simulation tools, which leads to a gap between simulated and actual energy use. The objective of this study was to develop a stochastic model for predicting occupant behaviour relating to A/C cooling and heating in residential buildings located in the Subtropical Sydney region of Australia. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of using A/C in living rooms and bedrooms, based on a range of physical environmental (outdoor and indoor) and contextual (season, day of week, and time of day) factors observed in 42 Sydney region houses across a two-year monitoring period. The resulting models can be implemented in building energy performance simulation (BEPS) tools to more accurately predict indoor environmental conditions and energy consumption attributable to A/C operation.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT WORKING PROCEDURE FOR AN ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OFFICE BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Maxine Chan ◽  
Emmanuel Arriola ◽  
Reynaldo Cuevas III ◽  
Joseph Gerard Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Total Power Consumption

The Philippine commercial building sector accounts for roughly 10% of the total electricity power consumption. For this research, an energy audit was conducted in an academic office building of a Philippine university. The study focused on eight representative offices within the building to serve as pilot facilities for this research. The study evaluated the performance of existing lighting fixtures to attain the minimum acceptable standard of 300 lux for offices as well as the performance of existing air conditioning units to achieve a recommended room temperature of 24 Celsius. From the results, it is evident that the air conditioning unit makes up majority of energy use in almost all offices, with an average of 63% of total power consumption, followed by lights with 23% and plug-in loads with 14%. For maximum lux values with minimal energy consumption, the use of LED lights is recommended while for temperature, the use of inverter technology is encouraged for long term energy savings.

District-Level Summertime Air-Conditioning Electricity Consumption and the Sensitivity of Peak Cooling Loads to Urban Weather Conditions in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Xu ◽  
Jorge E. González ◽  
Shiguang Miao ◽  
Shuanghe Shen ◽  
Wenli Guo
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
District Level ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Cooling Loads

Abstract Understanding how energy use responds to meteorological conditions is essential for anticipation of energy demands, which is of significance to maintain sufficient power supply and to prevent brownouts or blackouts during peak hours. Using the quarter-hourly and district-level electricity data for Beijing, this study calculates the district-varying cooling electric loads due to air-conditioning (AC) systems in five consecutive summers. Results show the occurrence of two major features that are common for summertime cooling loads in most districts, namely, double-peaked diurnal profiles and weekday–weekend fluctuations. With the increasing distance from the city core, the evening peak cooling load around 21:00 local time (LT) becomes more pronounced and comparable with its afternoon counterpart around 15:00 LT. Conversely, the weekday–weekend fluctuation is greatly weakened in suburban and rural districts due to the stable cooling demands on weekdays and weekends. The district-level sensitivity of peak cooling loads to surface meteorological factors is further investigated by linear regression analysis, and results show significant decreases from urban to rural districts. The correlation coefficients between peak cooling loads and heat index that combines air temperature and relative humidity reach up to 0.8–0.9 in most districts. If using air temperature or specific humidity solely, the coefficients of determination with peak cooling loads are roughly 0.1–0.3 smaller, possibly indicating the greater potential of heat index for effectively predicting peak cooling demands in Beijing.

scholarly journals Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Djordje Mitrovic ◽  
Miguel Crespo Chacón ◽  
Aida Mérida García ◽  
Jorge García Morillo ◽  
Juan Antonio Rodríguez Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Scale Assessment

Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.

scholarly journals Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings for LEED-Certified U.S. Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
John H. Scofield ◽  
Susannah Brodnitz ◽  
Jakob Cornell ◽  
Tian Liang ◽  
Thomas Scofield
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Site Energy ◽  
New Construction

In this work, we present results from the largest study of measured, whole-building energy performance for commercial LEED-certified buildings, using 2016 energy use data that were obtained for 4417 commercial office buildings (114 million m2) from municipal energy benchmarking disclosures for 10 major U.S. cities. The properties included 551 buildings (31 million m2) that we identified as LEED-certified. Annual energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission were compared between LEED and non-LEED offices on a city-by-city basis and in aggregate. In aggregate, LEED offices demonstrated 11% site energy savings but only 7% savings in source energy and GHG emission. LEED offices saved 26% in non-electric energy but demonstrated no significant savings in electric energy. LEED savings in GHG and source energy increased to 10% when compared with newer, non-LEED offices. We also compared the measured energy savings for individual buildings with their projected savings, as determined by LEED points awarded for energy optimization. This analysis uncovered minimal correlation, i.e., an R2 < 1% for New Construction (NC) and Core and Shell (CS), and 8% for Existing Euildings (EB). The total measured site energy savings for LEED-NC and LEED-CS was 11% lower than projected while the total measured source energy savings for LEED-EB was 81% lower than projected. Only LEED offices certified at the gold level demonstrated statistically significant savings in source energy and greenhouse gas emissions as compared with non-LEED offices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document