Evaluating the Safety of Shared-Use Paths

2005 ◽  
Vol 1939 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Aultman-Hall ◽  
Jeffrey LaMondia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
The Self ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
Crash Rates ◽  
Incident Rate

The project described in this paper involved the design of a survey of shared-use path safety for use at three facilities in Connecticut in the fall of 2002 and the summer of 2003. The objective was to collect self-reported information on collision and fall events and on travel exposure so that crash rates could be developed. The analysis of the self-reported events and travel patterns provides complementary data that are not available from other sources but are needed to address safety concerns on these facilities. The strengths of this approach include the collection of underreported minor events and the ability to estimate travel exposure and thus allow the estimation of crash rates per unit distance. The sample size of 684 was sufficient only for the development of aggregate crash rates, which suggest that skaters have the highest rates, followed by bicyclists and then pedestrians. The bicycle event rate was three times that of pedestrians, while the rate for skaters was more than six times that for pedestrians. Falls were more frequently reported than collisions, and they were more often associated with an injury. The overall incident rate for each of the three individual facilities was the highest for the path with the highest user volume and highest percentage of skaters and cyclists.

Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Survival Functions ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Patient Noncompliance ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

scholarly journals Erratum

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. NP1-NP1
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
Main Effect

White, Katherine, Lily Lin, Darren W. Dahl, and Robin J. B. Ritchie (2016), “When Do Consumers Avoid Imperfections? Superficial Packaging Damage as a Contamination Cue,” Journal of Marketing Research, 53 (February), 110–23. (Original DOI: 10.1509/jmr.12.0388 ) The following reporting errors have been noted in this article. These errors were clerical only, and the changes do not affect the data patterns or significance of the results in any way. Study 1, page 113 The numerator degrees of freedom for the interaction should be 2. At the end of the last full paragraph, the text should read: “The interaction qualified a significant main effect for type of package damage (F(2, 139) = 4.90, p < .05) and a marginal main effect for cognitive load (F(1, 139) = 3.36, p < .07).” Study 2, page 115 The degrees of freedom should be 130. The text should read: “Results revealed a main effect for packaging damage (t(130) = 5.49, p < .001; b = −.561) and the anticipated three-way interaction (t(130) = 2.24, p < .03; b = −.286; see Figure 2).” Study 4, page 116 The numerator degrees of freedom was omitted in one sentence. The text should read: “As we predicted, packaging appearance predicted both contamination perceptions (F(2, 150) = 4.17, p < .05) and health and safety concerns (F(2, 150) = 3.41, p < .05; see Table 1).” Study 5, page 118 The initial sample size is 200 participants. The text should say: “Those who failed to properly complete the cognitive load task were removed from the analyses (9.5% of the sample, leaving 181 participants).”

scholarly journals Outcome assessment by central adjudicators in randomised stroke trials: Simulation of differential and non-differential misclassification

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Godolphin ◽  
Philip M Bath ◽  
Christopher Partlett ◽  
Eivind Berge ◽  
Martin M Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Outcome Assessment ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Binary Outcome ◽  
Primary Trial ◽  
Differential Misclassification ◽  
Larger Sample

Introduction Adjudication of the primary outcome in randomised trials is thought to control misclassification. We investigated the amount of misclassification needed before adjudication changed the primary trial results. Patients (or materials) and methods: We included data from five randomised stroke trials. Differential misclassification was introduced for each primary outcome until the estimated treatment effect was altered. This was simulated 1000 times. We calculated the between-simulation mean proportion of participants that needed to be differentially misclassified to alter the treatment effect. In addition, we simulated hypothetical trials with a binary outcome and varying sample size (1000–10,000), overall event rate (10%–50%) and treatment effect (0.67–0.90). We introduced non-differential misclassification until the treatment effect was non-significant at 5% level. Results For the five trials, the range of unweighted kappa values were reduced from 0.89–0.97 to 0.65–0.85 before the treatment effect was altered. This corresponded to 2.1%–6% of participants misclassified differentially for trials with a binary outcome. For the hypothetical trials, those with a larger sample size, stronger treatment effect and overall event rate closer to 50% needed a higher proportion of events non-differentially misclassified before the treatment effect became non-significant. Discussion: We found that only a small amount of differential misclassification was required before adjudication altered the primary trial results, whereas a considerable proportion of participants needed to be misclassified non-differentially before adjudication changed trial conclusions. Given that differential misclassification should not occur in trials with sufficient blinding, these results suggest that central adjudication is of most use in studies with unblinded outcome assessment. Conclusion: For trials without adequate blinding, central adjudication is vital to control for differential misclassification. However, for large blinded trials, adjudication is of less importance and may not be necessary.

scholarly journals A comparison of self-esteem between patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, to those not receiving orthodontic treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Maleeha Majid ◽  
◽  
Maliha Jamshaid ◽  
Ghina Rizwan ◽  
Zarnab Rizwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treatment Need ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group A ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group B

Objective: Comparison of the self-esteem between patients undergoing fixed orthodonticc treatment in the past 6 months or more, to those not receiving orthodontic treatment or the time passed since the commencement of their treatment has been less than six months. Materials and methods: The participants of this study were divided into two groups, group A and group B. The sample size of each group was 75 making the total 150 aged between 16 to 25 years. The malocclusion severity was assessed with the index of orthodontic treatment need aesthetic component (IOTN-AC) which was 6 or more for both groups. Group A involved patients currently receiving no orthodontic treatment or the time elapsed since the start of the treatment was less than 6 months. Group B on the other hand, comprised of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in the past 6 months or more. Questionnaires were administered among both group A and group B where self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-esteem (RSE) Scale. Independent Sample T test was applied on both of these variables. Results: The results did not show any statistically significant association between self-esteem and “the time elapsed since the start of the treatment”. Likewise, the additional factors i.e., Age, Education and Gender too had no impact on the Rosenberg score. Conclusion: No association was found between selfesteem of the patients undergoing fixed Orthodontic treatment, to those not receiving it

scholarly journals Who Stole Me? Identity Theft on Social Media in the UAE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Zeenath Reza Khan ◽  
Salma Rakhman ◽  
Arohi Bangera
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Identity Theft ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Self ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Highly Active

Objective - This paper is a first attempt at investigating the self-reported number of instances of identity theft on social media among student population the U.A.E while providing an overview of its impact. Methodology/Technique - As a pilot, this study uses arithmetic analysis to record the first-such study of instances of identity theft among students and its impact on the respondents. Findings – The results of this study showed that students between the ages of 12 and 18 plus are highly active on social media. Although only 59% of the sample reported being victims of some form of SMIDT, in a small sample size of 128, 59% is considered quite high. Novelty - In late 2015, UAE users lost more than five billion dirhams due to cybercrimes such as identity theft (Sophia, 2015). However, little or no research has been conducted on the issue of identity theft on social media to begin to understand the depth of the problem. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Cyberbullying; Facebook; Identity Theft; Social Media; Social Network. JEL Classification: D18, M31.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SELF-CONCEPT, MOTIVATION AND DISCIPLINE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AT JAKARSA REGENCY OF SOUTH JAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Heru Sriyono
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
School Principals ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Primary School Principals

This research was about the effects of self-concept, motivation and discipline on the performance of the primary school principals at Jagakarsa regency of South Jakarta. The objectives of this research were: determining whether self-concept has a direct effect on discipline, determining whether motivation has a direct affect on discipline, determining whether discipline has a direct effect on performance, determining whether the self-concept has direct effect on performance, determining whether the motivation has a direct effect on performance, determining whether the self-concept has an indirect effect on performance but through discipline, and determining whether the motivation have an indirect effect on performance through discipline. The research was conducted by survey method with path-analysis. The sample size was 63 principals of the school. The result are as follows : (1) that the self-concept directly affect the discipline of the principals; (2) the motivation directly affect their discipline, and (3) the discipline directly affect their performance, therefore, improvement of performance of to the principal should be improved by enhancing the rules and working standard.Keyword : self-concept, motivation, discipline, school-principal’sperformance

Blinded Sample Size Reestimation with Negative Binomial Counts in Superiority and Non-inferiority Trials

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 618-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schmidli ◽  
T. Friede
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Type I ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Type I Error Rate ◽  
Overdispersion Parameter

Summary Background: In the planning of clinical trials with count outcomes such as the number of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often considerable uncertainty exists with regard to the overall event rate and the level of overdispersion which are both crucial for sample size calculations. Objectives: To develop a sample size reestimation strategy that maintains the blinding of the trial, controls the type I error rate and is robust against misspecification of the nuisance parameters in the planning phase in that the actual power is close to the target. Methods: The operation characteristics of the developed sample size reestimation procedure are investigated in a Monte Carlo simulation study. Results: Estimators of the overall event rate and the overdispersion parameter that do not require unblinding can be used to effectively adjust the sample size without inflating the type I error rate while providing power values close to the target. Conclusions: If only little information is available regarding the size of the overall event rate and the overdispersion parameter in the design phase of a trial, we recommend the use of a design with sample size reestimation as the one suggested here. Trials in COPD are expected to benefit from the proposed sample size reestimation strategy.

scholarly journals Self-management of cardiac pain in women: an evidence map

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e018549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Parry ◽  
Ann Kristin Bjørnnes ◽  
Hance Clarke ◽  
Lynn Cooper ◽  
Allan Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Evidence Map ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Cardiac Pain

ObjectiveTo describe the current evidence related to the self-management of cardiac pain in women using the process and methodology of evidence mapping.Design and settingLiterature search for studies that describe the self-management of cardiac pain in women greater than 18 years of age, managed in community, primary care or outpatient settings, published in English or a Scandinavian language between 1 January 1990 and 24 June 2016 using AMED, CINAHL, ERIC, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Proquest, PsychInfo, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Swemed+, Web of Science, the Clinical Trials Registry, International Register of Controlled Trials, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials, theses and dissertations, published conference abstracts and relevant websites using GreyNet International, ISI proceedings, BIOSIS and Conference papers index. Two independent reviewers screened using predefined eligibility criteria. Included articles were classified according to study design, pain category, publication year, sample size, per cent women and mean age.InterventionsSelf-management interventions for cardiac pain or non-intervention studies that described views and perspectives of women who self-managed cardiac pain.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresOutcomes included those related to knowledge, self-efficacy, function and health-related quality of life.ResultsThe literature search identified 5940 unique articles, of which 220 were included in the evidence map. Only 22% (n=49) were intervention studies. Sixty-nine per cent (n=151) of the studies described cardiac pain related to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), 2% (n=5) non-obstructive CAD and 15% (n=34) postpercutaneous coronary intervention/cardiac surgery. Most were published after 2000, the median sample size was 90 with 25%–100% women and the mean age was 63 years.ConclusionsOur evidence map suggests that while much is known about the differing presentations of obstructive cardiac pain in middle-aged women, little research focused on young and old women, non-obstructive cardiac pain or self-management interventions to assist women to manage cardiac pain.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42016042806.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kompetensi, Kepemimpinan Diri, Sistem Penghargaan, Lingkungan Kerja, Terhadap Komitmen Pada Profesi Dan Profesionalisme Guru SMA Negeri Di Bali

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Nengah Sudja
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
The Self ◽  
Reward Systems

This research aims to explain the relationships among variables : competence, self leadership, reward systems, work environment; commitment to profession, and professionalizm of teachers of SMAN at Bali. The sample size are 243 teachers who selected by proportional random technique from 12 units of Senior High School Satate at Bali. The tool of analyisis which is used is structural equation model analysis, with supported by AMOS version 19.00  application. The results shows those : (1) the effect of competence to the commitment to profession, is not significant; (2) the self leadership’s effect to the commitment to profession; is not significant also; (3) the effect of reward systems to the commitment to profession is positively significant; (4) the work environment’s effect to the commitment to profession is positively significant; (5) the self leadership’s effect to  the professionalizm is not significant; (6) the rewad systems’ effect to professionalizm is positively significant; (7) the effect of work environment to professionalizm is positively significant; (8) the effect of  commitment to profession to professionalizm is positively significant. In general, the structural equation model which is accomplished, has passed the criterions of goodness of fit, i.e :: c2 = 276.359; probability of c2 = 0.012; Cmin/DF = 1.749; GFI = 0.923; AGFI = 0.902; RMSEA = 0.056; and TLI = 0.921.  Keywords : competence, self leadership, reward systems, work environment; commit-ment to profession, and professionalizm

scholarly journals Autorregulación en estudiantes universitarios: Estrategias de aprendizaje, motivación y emociones

2019 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Karina Noelia Hendrie Kupczyszyn ◽  
María Del Carmen Bastacini
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Research Recommendations ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el proceso de autorregulación académica en estudiantado universitario, según las estrategias de aprendizaje, emociones y creencias motivacionales percibidas por este. Se desarrolló un estudio de tipo empírico, cuantitativo, ex post facto. La muestra estuvo constituida por 83 estudiantes de universidad del primer año de la carrera de Psicología de Corrientes, Argentina. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos de medición para evaluar en una primera instancia la motivación y emociones de cada estudiante antes y después de efectuar una tarea determinada y en un segundo momento las estrategias de aprendizaje percibidas. En función de los objetivos y teniendo en cuenta las variables y sus dimensiones, se ejecutaron ANOVAS de un factor y MANOVAS para el análisis de datos. En los resultados obtenidos, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la ansiedad del estudiantado según el sexo y la edad, y la concentración para cumplir una tarea según el sexo. También se observaron diferencias significativas en la tarea elaborada según el procesamiento de información del alumnado, la competencia subjetiva percibida y la emoción centrada en el resultado que este presentó. The importance of student self-regulation was observed which is consistent with the reviewed literature. Self-regulation was perceived as leading to the attainment of goals via the cognitive and emotional pathways. Future research recommendations include increasing the sample size as well as including other variables to obtain a broader picture of the self-regulation process.

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