Automated Vehicle Legislative Issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sarah M. L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Transportation History

This paper provides a synthesis of issues addressed by state legislation in relation to automated vehicles (AV); technologies are rapidly evolving and many states have developed legislation to govern AV testing and deployment and assure safety on public roads. The expected benefits of AV include increased safety, increased capacity, decreased congestion, increased productivity because of hands-free travel, and increased mobility for people who cannot drive. The projected economic impact of AV is significant, with an estimated market of $7 trillion by 2050. Potential challenges include increased costs, liability and licensing issues, privacy considerations, security and cybersecurity concerns, and potential job losses. Legislative responses to AV technology have varied significantly, depending on the state. Twenty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation related to AV, and six states have executive orders. Even after federal AV legislation is passed, there will still be an important role for states in AV licensure, registration, insurance, traffic laws, enforcement, infrastructure, and emergency response. The objective of this research is to identify and synthesize current state legislation related to AV, which shows diverse responses and has led to a patchwork of operating conditions from state to state. The information presented in this paper provides important information as agencies and decision makers develop strategic plans for AV activities at every level, and serves an important function by documenting the evolution of issues related to AV which is an important part of transportation history.

E-Government Adoption in the U.K.

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania Mousa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Agent Of Change ◽  
Government Initiative

Electronic government is one of the strategic innovations which have become a powerful agent of change for developing better government information and services and supporting the modernization of government’s operations. This paper investigates a remarkable e-government initiative represented by the adoption process of the Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) at Companies House (CH) in the United Kingdom. Based on the application of Rogers’ framework, the research identifies CH’s motivation, vision and process to use XBRL to achieve efficiency and produce better quality data to enhance and streamline the electronic filing process. The novelty of this research is based on the usage of a well-established innovation adoption framework to examine XBRL adoption as a process –rather than a product- innovation that remains to be an under-researched area. This research provides valuable implications and conclusions that can help decision makers and IT experts in government agencies to devise meaningful strategic plans to adopt future e-government initiatives and develop existing ones.

scholarly journals Keeping a cool head at all times. What determines choice consistency?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Jan Nitsch ◽  
Tobias Kalenscher
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Current State ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Choice Consistency ◽  
Blood Alcohol Levels ◽  
Rational Choice Theories ◽  
Trait Factors

Many rational choice theories posit that rational decision makers assign subjective values to all available choice options and choose the option with highest subjective value. Choice options are usually composed of multiple attributes, e.g. healthiness and taste in dietary choice or risk and expected returns in financial choice. These attributes have to be integrated into a single subjective value. Subjective value maximizing choice requires choice consistency, i.e. consistent weighing of the choice attributes across choices. However, empirical work suggests that perfect choice consistency is often violated, for example when decision makers weigh choice attributes differently across multiple decisions. Some researchers propose to extend certain bounds of rationality or to abandon the concept of rationality as adherence to consistency principles altogether. A more conservative stance assumes that perfect consistency can be violated by decision makers in practice, but that consistency principles still can explain large parts of behavior. In a review of the recent literature, we identify factors for compromised consistency relative to baseline conditions. Broadly, we distinguish between undynamic trait factors and fluid state factors. We find evidence for an influence of age, education, intelligence, and neurological status. In contrast, choice consistency appears to be relatively robust to the influence of sex, personality traits, cognitive load, sleepiness and blood alcohol levels. We conclude, that, according to the current state of the literature, only fundamental differences in decision makers, that is, trait differences, have a significant impact on choice consistency.

D Minus Months: Strategic Planning for Weather-Sensitive Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva D. Regnier ◽  
Joel W. Feldmeier
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Sequential Decisions ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

General Eisenhower’s decisions to postpone and, one day later, to launch the “D-Day” invasion of Normandy are a gripping illustration of sequential decisions under uncertainty, suitable for any introductory decision analysis class. They’re also the archetypal example of weather-sensitive decision making using a forecast. This paper develops a framework for analyzing weather-sensitive decisions with a focus on the less-familiar strategic decisions that determine how forecasts are produced and what operational alternatives are available so that decision makers can extract value from forecasts. We tell the story of the decisions made in the months before D-Day regarding how to set up the forecasting process and the myriad decisions implicating nation-level resources that prepared Allied forces not just to invade, but to hold open that decision until the last possible hour so that Eisenhower and his staff could use the critical forecasts. Finally, we overview the current state of the weather-forecasting enterprise, the current challenges of interest to decision analysts, and what this means for decision analysts seeking opportunities to help the weather enterprise improve forecasts and to help operational decision makers extract more value from modern weather forecasts.

Abstract 233: Characterizing Impact of State Legislation on Cardiac Arrest Outcomes at K-12 Schools

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ford ◽  
Patrick Karabon ◽  
Clay Mann ◽  
Monica Goble ◽  
Gwen Fosse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
School Type ◽  
Shock State ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Automated External Defibrillators ◽  
Thomson Reuters ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Cpr Training ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: Cardiac arrests that occur in schools are infrequent, but high-profile events. Many states have enacted school specific legislation regarding automated external defibrillators (AEDs) placement, CPR training and emergency response plans (EAP). Objective/Aim: To characterize out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) that occur in K-12 schools; and, assess the relationship of U.S. state AED and CPR laws to outcomes of in school cardiac arrests. Methods: A retrospective review of in school OHCA was completed with data from the National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) 3.4 database, calendar years 2017-2018. Study subjects were non-traumatic OHCA occurring prior to EMS arrival on K-12 school grounds. Additionally, we conducted a search of Westlaw (Thomson Reuters) to identify current school specific AED, CPR and EAP laws for all 50 states, and created a structured taxonomy for these laws. Datasets were linked by an honest broker and the K-12 school CPR and AED provisions were compared to state legislation. Results: During the study period, there were 454 cases of in school cardiac arrest out of the 25.3 million incidents submitted to NEMSIS. We excluded 140, thus leaving 314 arrests for analysis. The average age was 46.7 (SD=24.1), most were over 18 years old (79.4%), and male 221 (70.4%). Bystander CPR (BCPR) was performed in 240 (76.4%) of cases, bystander AEDs were used in 160 (51.0%) cases, and 107 (34.1%) patients received an AED shock. State AED and CPR laws required student CPR training in 78%, school AED placement in 46%, teacher CPR certification in 14%, and school specific cardiac emergency response plans in 32%. We found no increase in BCPR or AED placement in states with school CPR, AED or EAP legislation. These findings persisted regardless of patient age, school type, or legislative mandate (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the perceived benefit of legislation supporting CPR and AED use in schools, we identified no improved provision of BCPR or AED use in schools in states with such legislation. Given the high proportions of BCPR and AED in states with and without statutes, we believe this data suggests that non-legislative initiatives, which exist in many states, may be an important driver of emergency cardiac care in K-12 schools.

Challenge

2017 ◽  
pp. 10-25
Author(s):  
Lennie Scott-Webber
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Classroom Design ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Current State ◽  
Behavioral Cues ◽  
Teaching And Learning Strategies

Too many stakeholders are ignoring too much scientific research and the net resulting outcome is too many students are left behind academically. Significant and strategic changes must occur quickly to correct this fundamental outcome. This chapter explores issues relative to the current state of classroom design and why they haven't changed systemically in over 4000 years. Definitions of active learning and behavioral research basics, the nature of the physical learning place, Evidence-Based Designs (EBD) solutions and examples of solution features and capabilities impacting pedagogy (i.e., teaching and learning strategies), technology and spaces are shared. Metrics of ‘proof' of engagement impact are cited, and this author argues that space provides behavioral cues. To simplify the complexity of moving from a teacher-centric paradigm and design solutions to a learner-centric one, two important items for consideration are presented: 1) a formula guiding deep learning parameters for all stakeholders and 2) a decision-makers' checklist.

Analysis of a Large-Scale IT Outsourcing "Failure"

2011 ◽  
pp. 447-464
Author(s):  
Anne C. Rouse ◽  
Brian J. Corbitt
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
Public Report ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Auditor General ◽  
Recommended Guidelines ◽  
Subject Theory

Much of the research that has been carried out into outsourcing is based on relatively successful case studies. Yet drawing inferences from case studies when those with largely negative outcomes rarely see the light of day represents a significant problem. When negative cases are systematically unrepresented, there is less opportunity to subject theory to scrutiny. This chapter goes some way towards redressing this trend, by reporting on a large scale “selective” outsourcing arrangement that has been publicly described as a failure — the Australian Federal Government’s “whole of government” IT infrastructure outsourcing initiative. This initiative, originally promoted as likely to lead to a billion dollar saving, was abandoned early in 2001, after a damning public report by the Australian Auditor General. However, a detailed study of the initiative suggests that the “failure” occurred despite the project adhering to many of the recommended guidelines for successful outsourcing that had been derived from earlier case analysis. The findings have important implications for decision makers confronted with outsourcing choices. The study suggests that the risks of outsourcing are often downplayed, or ignored in the rush to reap the expected benefits. The study also suggests that expectations of savings from outsourcing IT are often substantially higher than those that have been empirically confirmed in the field. Decision makers are advised that key assumptions about costs, savings, managerial effort, and the effects of outsourcing on operational performance might be incorrect, and to plan for their outsourcing activity accordingly. They should pay particular attention to coordination and transaction costs, as these tend to be overlooked in the business case. These costs will be magnified if “best in breed” multiple-vendor outsourcing is chosen, and if contracts are kept short. Decision-makers are also warned of the difficulties they are likely to have at the end of an outsourcing contract if there is not a large and robust pool of alternative vendors willing to bid against the incumbent.

scholarly journals Exploring the 'Cultural Tourism-Sustainable Development' Nexus: the Case of Croatia

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Demonja ◽  
Tatjana Gredičak
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Historical Methods

Abstract Modern environment in which operate tourism-economic factors is characterized by a high level of instability and the dynamics of change. Changes with its influences determine external operating conditions, over which micro organizational units have no control. In order to successfully survive it is necessary to identify and adapt to them. Marketing strategy of cultural heritage tourist valorisation, in this context, appears as an adequate approach. Strategic management enables planning on an analysis of past events, and in a special way takes into account estimates and projections of future conditions of the environment. Also, it should take into account that the coexistence of cultural heritage with the achievements of modern life is defined with sustainable development syntax. This paper in which research, formulation and presentation of the results were used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, descriptive and historical methods outlines the development and analyzes the current state of cultural tourism in Croatia, and discusses approach to effective strategic marketing management of cultural heritage tourist valorisation, focusing on the sustainable development of tourism.

scholarly journals The criteria used by key decision makers in Australia to judge the academic quality of NTROs

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McKee
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
Current State ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Expert Community ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Thirty experts in the assessment of the quality of Non-Traditional Research Outputs (NTROs) as academic research outputs were asked to rate the importance of 19 criteria that might be used in making these judgements. Analysis of responses identified four criteria where there is substantial agreement among the community of experts: (a) demonstrated familiarity in the research statement with the current state of knowledge in the relevant academic disciplines (very important); (b) demonstrated familiarity in the research statement with the current state of knowledge in the relevant industry (important); (c) evidence that the work has been engaged with by other academic researchers (relevant); (d) whether the NTRO creator is a substantive university staff member or an adjunct/honorary (unimportant). Fifteen other criteria either reached a less than ‘fair’ level of agreement, or larger numbers of respondents nominated ‘It depends’. Qualitative analysis of comments also revealed noteworthy disagreements in the expert community about how the criteria should be applied.

scholarly journals German Teachers’ Digital Habitus and Their Pandemic Pedagogy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-905
Author(s):  
Carolyn Blume
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Teacher Professionalization ◽  
Current State ◽  
Explanatory Account ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Near Future

Abstract After closing public schools in early 2020 to slow the spread of Covid-19, attempts to provide continuity of education in Germany by means of digital tools faltered in variety of ways, with insufficient competence and inadequate technology leading to inequitable access and uneven implementation. Understanding how German teachers were caught unprepared in this time of crisis, especially in comparison with their European neighbors, requires an examination of their habitus as discussed by Bourdieu and Wacquant (1992) that accounts for their behaviors beyond existing models regarding technology acceptance. Drawing on existing sociological and media-related studies, this contribution will describe the attitudes of German teachers and educational decision-makers in light of their digital, cultural, and educational habitus to provide a partial explanatory account for the current state of affairs. It will show how traditional skepticism for innovation among teachers in general, and German teachers in particular, is reinforced by demographic and sociological characteristics of the German teacher population and the nature of German schooling. After describing extant conditions regarding digitally mediated educational experiences during the initial Covid-19 phase in Germany based on emerging data, this article will subsequently identify prospective issues in this area in the near future. While the transition to digital teaching and learning has the potential to bring about a number of challenges, early data suggests that a possibility of significant positive development may occur as well. Based on these indications, the article will conclude with implications for teacher professionalization going forward.

Combating corruption in Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feisal Khan
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Systemic Corruption ◽  
Institutional Capabilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current state of corruption in Pakistan and evaluate attempts by the government to combat its entrenched corruption culture. Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that Pakistan’s legacy of British colonial rule, its ethno-linguistic conflict and alternating civilian governments and military coups have weakened institutional capabilities, hindered capacity building and allowed systemic corruption to flourish there. Pakistan’s many anti-corruption efforts failed because they were used to attack political foes instead of strengthening institutional capabilities. Findings – Pakistan has maintained its highly authoritarian form of governance inherited from the British in 1947. The ruling elite view the state as a milch cow for their personal enrichment and this attitude is also reflected in the performance of its bureaucracy. Existing rules of conduct and administration are not enforced as citizens encounter corruption in their dealings with officials. At the policy level, key decisions are often made to benefit the decision makers. The paper concludes that without political will no significant improvement in the state of corruption in Pakistan is likely to occur. Originality/value – This paper will be useful for scholars, policy-makers and anti-corruption practitioners who are interested in corruption in Pakistan and whether the apparent institutionalization of parliamentary democracy has reduced corruption there.

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