Time Allocation Behavior of Twentieth-Century American Generations: GI Generation, Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (49) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annesha Enam ◽  
Karthik C. Konduri
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Silent Generation ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
American Heritage ◽  
Using Data

In recent years, time engagement behaviors of two generations, namely Baby Boomers and Millennials have sparked much interest because these generations constitute the bulk of the American population today and they also exhibit “atypical” activity–travel patterns compared with other generations. The objective of the current research is to conduct a systematic study of the time engagement behaviors of five American generations: the GI Generation (birth year: 1901–1924), the Silent Generation (birth year: 1925–1943), Baby Boomers (birth year: 1944–1964), Generation X (birth year: 1965–1981), and Millennials (birth year: 1982–2000). Particularly, the study aims at isolating heterogeneity in behaviors associated with structural changes in the society from those associated with inherent generational characteristics. Using data from four waves (1965, 1985, 2005, and 2012) of the American Heritage and Time Use Study, the analysis explores the time engagement behaviors while accounting for the age, period, and cohort effects in addition to different socioeconomic and demographic variables. The analysis reveals that Millennials have generally delayed participation in life-changing events such as marriage and workforce entry, and have exhibited prolonged student status compared with previous generations. Millennials show lower participation in work and higher participation in discretionary activities compared with individuals of the same age group from previous generations. On the other hand, Baby Boomers clearly exhibited increased travel engagement compared with the previous generations at different stages of their lives.

scholarly journals Home hours in the United States and Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fang ◽  
Cara McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

AbstractUsing data from the Multinational Time Use Study, this paper documents the trend and level of time allocation, with a focus on home hours, for the US and European countries. Three patterns emerge. First, home hours per person have declined in both the US and European countries over the past 50 years. Second, female time allocation contributes more to the difference in time allocation per person between the US and European countries than does male time allocation. Third, the time allocation between the US and European countries is more similar for prime-age individuals than for young and old individuals.

scholarly journals Problems of agency work during the coronavirus crisis: A case of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-160
Author(s):  
Ellada Atsiyeva ◽  
Kairat Balabiyev ◽  
Svetlana Zharkenova ◽  
Zaure Namazbayeva ◽  
Aigul Kurmanova
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Silent Generation ◽  
Digital Skills ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Online Format

The study was carried out based on a survey among 115 Kazakhstani employees and 49 employers to understand attitudes to online employability during the coronavirus crisis and related problems to such format of work. Employees were presented by 32% of Generation Y (born between 1985 and 2002), 44% of Generation X (born between 1964 and 1984), 13% of Baby Boomers (born between 1944 and 1963), and 11% of Silent Generation (born before 1943). As for employers, they were presented by 28% of Generation Y, 51% of Generation X, 16% of Baby Boomers, and 5% of Silent Generation. The result reveals that the format of work has been 46% full-time online, 49% part-time online, 5% mix of full and part-time format. The same pattern was observed among employers with 60% confirming the use of remote online work of staff within the framework of self-isolation, although 31% switched to the part-time online format of work and 9% used a mix of full and part-time. At the same time, only about 7% of the workers and 11% of employers previously had such a practice, and for the majority, such work became an absolutely new experience. Most of 85% of Generation Y and 76% of Generation X have the sufficiency of digital skills and ability to work online, while 42% of Baby Boomers and 67% of Silent Generation experienced difficulties. In terms of problems, both employees and employers prioritize organization policies, communication, and law relationship.

Empowerment among generations

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-328
Author(s):  
Usha Singh ◽  
Daniel Weimar
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Post War ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Robustness Check

The study investigates differences in people’s attitudes towards empowerment among generations and other demographic variables as there are only few insights available so far. Therefore, a combination of a hierarchical and a non-hierarchical cluster analysis is used, leading to two clusters termed ‘empowered employees’ and ‘less empowered employees’. Chi-square tests are applied to investigate the differences in the demographic variables among the clusters. Furthermore, a discriminant analysis is carried out to check the segmentation strength and the consistency of the clusters. Additionally, multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) and logit estimations are used as a robustness check. Results indicate that people from Generation X and the Post-war Generation are more likely to tend towards empowerment than Baby Boomers.

Work time and well-being for workers at home: evidence from the American Time Use Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal ◽  
José Alberto Molina ◽  
Jorge Velilla
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Allocation Decisions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the time-allocation decisions of individuals who work from home (i.e. teleworkers), and compare them with their commuter counterparts. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003–2015, the authors analyze the time spent working, and the timing of work, of both commuters and teleworkers. Findings Results show that teleworkers devote 40 percent less time to market work activities than do commuters, and less than 60 percent of teleworkers work at “regular hours,” vs around 80 percent of their commuter counterparts. Using information from the Well-being Module for the years 2012 and 2013, the authors find that male teleworkers experience lower levels of negative feelings while working than do commuters. Originality/value This paper addresses the timing of work of workers working from home; and the instant well-being experienced, exploiting information at diary level.

Intergenerational Differences in Mental Boundaries

2010 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 562-566
Author(s):  
John E. Barbuto ◽  
Stephanie Bryant ◽  
Lisa A. Pennisi
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Intergenerational Differences ◽  
Significant Difference

382 employees in government offices were surveyed using demographic variables and organizational and interpersonal boundaries. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in Mental Boundary Score between Baby Boomers I (born 1946–1954) and Generation X (born 1965–1976) cohorts.

Male Body Image and Magazine Standards: Considering Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity

2007 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donnalyn Pompper ◽  
Jorge Soto ◽  
Lauren Piel
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Ideal Woman ◽  
Male Body Image ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
The Ideal

This study contributes to two theory streams by examining magazine use among males, along dimensions of age and ethnicity. First, social comparison theory (SCT) is invoked to examine how males use magazine images to benchmark the “ideal” male. Second, a developing theory of magazines as standard bearers for “the ideal woman” is modified to suggest that magazines also set standards for “the ideal man.” Findings of focus groups and interviews with two generations of males—Generation X and Baby Boomers (BBs)—posit that such images tend to fuel males' eventual ambivalence toward their body. Two significant patterns were identified among the data: (1) authority of magazine standards and (2) competition.

scholarly journals Caregiver Mental Health Outcomes: Are There Differences Across Generations?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Susanna Mage ◽  
Laura Rath ◽  
Kathleen Wilber ◽  
Zachary Gassoumis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Silent Generation ◽  
Caregiver Mental Health

Abstract Informal caregivers are a critical component of support for the rapidly aging population. Previous studies have addressed the effects of caregiving on mental health. However, they have not focused on differences among generational cohorts of caregivers of older adults, i.e., Millennial (born 1981-1996), Generation X (born 1965-1980), Baby Boomer (born 1946-1964), and Silent Generation (born 1928-1945). As the Millennial caregiver population grows in parallel with older adults and their increased needs, we must better understand Millennial responses to caregiving. Millennial caregivers provide a similar intensity of care as Baby Boomers in terms of hours per week but are more likely to be fully employed (40+ hours per week or more). We used caregiver data from the nationally representative Centers for Disease Control’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey from 2015-2017 to conduct negative binomial regression (n=50,745). Data analysis indicates that Millennial caregivers have an incidence rate ratio of 1.22 times more self-reported days of “stress, depression, and/or problems with emotions” compared to Generation X caregivers (p<0.01); 1.64 times compared to Baby Boomers (p<0.001); and 2.38 times compared to Silent Generation caregivers (p<0.001). Generational differences show that Millennial caregivers may have different needs than older generations of caregivers. Rather than assuming that the policies and interventions designed for older generations of caregivers will fit younger generations, implications of this work can help inform: 1) the design of programs to support caregivers’ mental health, and 2) policy considerations that address the unique needs of a younger caregiver population.

scholarly journals Baby Boomers And Generation X Industrial Salespeople: Generational Divide Or Convergence?

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue DelVecchio
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Career Paths ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Generational Groups ◽  
Sales Forces

<p class="MsoFooter" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in center 3.0in right 6.0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Currently two of the largest generational groups occupying industrial field sales positions are Generation X and Baby Boomers. While anecdotal evidence suggests these two generations are widely different, few studies have compared their career attitudes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Working within the conceptual framework of psychological employment contracts this study tested the notion that Generation X would be more transactional and Baby Boomers would be more relational in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This nature was expected to take the form of higher intrinsic motivation levels and fewer career path changes among Baby Boomers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>While Baby Boomers do tend to express higher levels of intrinsic motivation, their career paths are less relational than expected (i.e. their careers are spanning more than one employer).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Overall the findings provide partial support for some of the relational theory expectations- and more importantly dispel still others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Managers faced with intergenerational field sales forces may similarly, therefore, question the assumption that Baby Boomer field salespeople will follow the relational employment contract profile.</span></span></p>

Siblings and Illness

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Sawyer Vanderwerp
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Mother and Child samples, I investigated the relationships among child and adolescent depressive symptoms, having a chronically ill sibling, and other child and familial demographic variables. From research on social support and social role transitions, with the Stress Process as a theoretical model, I hypothesized that children with chronically ill siblings experience more depressive symptoms. Specifically, I looked at age, gender, birth order and family size as potentially reducing the effect size of having a chronically ill sibling. Findings showed that having a chronically ill sibling is associated with demonstrating more depressive symptoms both in the bivariate and multivariate analyses. Although age, gender, birth order and family size do not interact significantly with having a chronically ill sibling in predicting depressive symptoms, they do present interesting findings about childhood depressive symptoms in general. Thus, the results of this study suggest specific and meaningful paths for future research.

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