Improved Modeling of Non-Home-Based Trips

1996 ◽  
Vol 1556 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon W. Schultz ◽  
William G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Trip Length ◽  
Trip Purpose ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Home Based ◽  
A Chain

Non-home-based (NHB) trip making typically accounts for about 25 to 30 percent of travel by individuals in urban areas. However, the NHB trip purpose is usually treated as a large unknown category, and little attention is paid to the nature of these trips. An effort to better understand the characteristics of NHB trips by subdividing the NHB trip category is described. It is hoped that this effort will serve as a useful precursor to improving the analysis of trip chaining behavior. By definition, NHB trips are almost always part of a chain of trips that usually starts or ends at the trip maker's place of residence or work. By examining this chain more closely, it is possible to group NHB trips into two or three categories. More detailed analysis of these categories reveals that they have very different trip length, mode choice, and time of day characteristics. Making this subdivision improves the accuracy of the model, increases the sensitivity of the forecast to important factors, and provides a greater understanding of trip chaining behavior.

Travel Demand Modeling and Conformity Determination: Atlanta Regional Commission Case Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 1817 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Rousseau ◽  
Tracy Clymer
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Traffic Model ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Land Use Model ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Travel Demand Model

The Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) regional travel demand model is described as it relates to its link-based emissions postprocessor. In addition to conformity determination, an overview of other elements is given. The transit networks include the walk and highway access links. Trip generation addresses trip production, trip attraction, reconciliation of productions and attractions, and special adjustments made for Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport. Trip distribution includes the application of the composite impedance variable. In the mode choice model, home-based work uses a logit function, whereas nonwork uses information from the home-based work to estimate modal shares. Traffic assignment includes preparation of time-of-day assignments. The model assigns single-occupancy vehicles, high-occupancy vehicles, and trucks by using separate trip tables. The procedures can accept or prohibit each of the three types of vehicles from each highway lane. Feedback between the land use model and the traffic model is accounted for via composite impedances generated by the traffic model and is a primary input to the land use model DRAM/EMPAL. The land use model is based on census tract geography, whereas the travel demand model is based on traffic analysis zones that are subareas within census tracts. The ARC model has extended the state of the practice by using the log sum variable from mode choice as the impedance measure rather than the standard highway time. This change means that the model is sensitive not only to highway travel time but also to highway and transit costs.

Development of a New Toll Mode-Choice Modeling System for Florida’s Turnpike Enterprise

2003 ◽  
Vol 1858 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Dehghani ◽  
Thomas Adler ◽  
Michael W. Doherty ◽  
Randy Fox
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Choice Modeling ◽  
Fort Lauderdale ◽  
Trip Purpose ◽  
Mode Choice Model ◽  
Mode Choice Modeling

The Florida Department of Transportation Turnpike Enterprise’s recent toll mode-choice model development activities are described. Because the simple toll travel forecasting analysis methods used were not adequate for reliably addressing contemporary toll study issues, there was a need for toll modeling innovations that address trip makers’ toll route decisions as a mode-choice step sensitive to changes in service levels by time of day, trip purpose, and socioeconomic attributes. Innovations developed for Florida’s turnpike began with data-collection efforts and toll model development for the Central Florida (Orlando) region. This represents the next generation of modeling system. Similar efforts are under way for the Miami–Fort Lauderdale area. The Orlando region toll mode-choice model, which is in its final validation phase, includes a statistically estimated nested mode-choice modeling system with a discrete choice for toll travel. The models were developed for a combination of four periods and four trip purposes, including visitor trips. Other key features are ( a) a pre-mode-choice time-of-day process; ( b) a generalized cost-assignment procedure that uses travel time and costs by time of day (rather than travel time alone); ( c) production of zone-to-zone travel time and costs consistent with travel paths; and ( d) a feedback loop process that uses an iterative successive averaging procedure to estimate travel times.

Situating Self-Employed Urban Women Conducting Business through Contemporary Social Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Kalyanaraman
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Business Women ◽  
Employed Women

Informal economy includes varied set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers. The economy typically consists of enterprises and/or people that are not regulated or protected by the state. The concept originally applied to self-employment in small unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to include wage employment in unprotected jobs. A home-based self-employed women worker can be involved as a fashion designer, a tiffin service provider, a home tutor, a person working with vendors, selling and reselling apparel, accessories to name a few. Informal self-employment is very large and heterogeneous as a category itself. There are different people working within in an informally self-employed category. The review tries to understand home based business women within the ambit of informal employment. The focus of research turns to technological advancement, social media and its impact on womens economic and business efforts. The review, using a feminist lens, understands academic researches on womens economic efforts. The reviews focus will largely be owners and own account (individually run enterprises) women workers of informal enterprises in urban areas which for ease of reference, I have termed as home-based self-employed urban woman.

scholarly journals Presentation, Management, and Outcomes across the Rural-Urban Continuum for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kali Zhou ◽  
Trevor A Pickering ◽  
Christina S Gainey ◽  
Myles Cockburn ◽  
Mariana C Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Receive Treatment

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of few cancers with rising incidence and mortality in the United States. Little is known about disease presentation and outcomes across the rural-urban continuum. Methods Using the population-based SEER registry, we identified adults with incident hepatocellular carcinoma between 2000–2016. Urban, suburban and rural residence at time of cancer diagnosis were categorized by the Census Bureau’s percent of the population living in non-urban areas. We examined association between place of residence and overall survival. Secondary outcomes were late tumor stage and receipt of therapy. Results Of 83,368 cases, 75.8%, 20.4%, and 3.8% lived in urban, suburban, and rural communities, respectively. Median survival was 7 months (IQR 2–24). All stage and stage-specific survival differed by place of residence, except for distant stage. In adjusted models, rural and suburban residents had a respective 1.09-fold (95% CI = 1.04–1.14, p < .001) and 1.08-fold (95% CI = 1.05–1.10, p < .001) increased hazard of overall mortality as compared to urban residents. Furthermore, rural and suburban residents had 18% (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.10–1.27, p < .001) and 5% (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.09, p = .003) higher odds of diagnosis at late stage and were 12% (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80–0.94, p < .001) and 8% (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88–0.95, p < .001) less likely to receive treatment, respectively, compared to urban residents. Conclusions Residence in a suburban and rural community at time of diagnosis was independently associated with worse indicators across the cancer continuum for liver cancer. Further research is needed to elucidate the primary drivers of these rural-urban disparities.

scholarly journals Evaluating human–coyote encounters in an urban landscape using citizen science

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Drake ◽  
Shelli Dubay ◽  
Maximilian L Allen
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Public Outreach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Paved Road ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Abstract Coyotes are ubiquitous in habitats across North America, including in urban areas. Reviews of human–coyote encounters are limited in scope and analysis and predominantly document encounters that tend to be negative, such as human–wildlife conflict, rather than benign experiences. The objective of our study was to use citizen science reports of human–coyote interactions entered into iNaturalist to better understand the range of first person accounts of human–coyote encounters in Madison, WI. We report 398 citizen science accounts of human–coyote encounters in the Madison area between October 2015 and March 2018. Most human–coyote encounters occurred during coyote breeding season and half of all encounters occurred in moderate development land cover. Estimated level of coyote aggressiveness varied significantly, with 90% of citizen scientists scoring estimated coyote aggression as a 0 and 7% scoring estimated aggression as a 1 on a 0–5 scale (with 0 being calm and 5 being aggressive). Our best performing model explaining the estimated distance between the human observer and a coyote (our proxy for a human–coyote encounter) included the variables distance to nearest paved road, biological season of the year relative to coyote life history, and time of day/night. We demonstrate that human–coyote interactions are regularly more benign than negative, with almost all first-hand reported human–coyote encounters being benign. We encourage public outreach focusing on practices that can foster benign encounters when educating the public to facilitate human–coyote coexistence.

scholarly journals Review of Whole System Simulation Methodologies for Assessing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as an Enabler for Sustainable Urban Mobility

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5591
Author(s):  
Mark Muller ◽  
Seri Park ◽  
Ross Lee ◽  
Brett Fusco ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
City Region ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Future Assessment ◽  
Transportation Simulation ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
The Impact

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an emerging concept that is being advanced as an effective approach to improve the sustainability of mobility, especially in densely populated urban areas. MaaS can be defined as the integration of various transport modes into a single service, accessible on demand, via a seamless digital planning and payment application. Recent studies have shown the potential reduction in the size of automobile fleets, with corresponding predicted improvements in congestion and environmental impact, that might be realized by the advent of automated vehicles as part of future MaaS systems. However, the limiting assumptions made by these studies point to the difficult challenge of predicting how the complex interactions of user demographics and mode choice, vehicle automation, and governance models will impact sustainable mobility. The work documented in this paper focused on identifying available methodologies for assessing the sustainability impact of potential MaaS implementations from a whole system (STEEP—social, technical, economic, environmental, and political) perspective. In this research, a review was conducted of current simulation tools and models, relative to their ability to support transportation planners, to assess the MaaS concept, holistically, at a city level. The results presented include: a summary of the literature review, a weighted ranking of relevant transportation simulation tools per the assessment criteria, and identification of key gaps in the current state of the art. The gaps include capturing the interaction of demographic changes, mode choice, induced demand, and land use in a single framework that can rapidly explore the impact of alternative MaaS scenarios, on sustainable mobility, for a given city region. These gaps will guide future assessment methodologies for urban mobility systems, and ultimately assist informed decision-making.

CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-791
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Morey W. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia. Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.

scholarly journals Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 4962-4968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret I. Hall ◽  
Jason M. Kamilar ◽  
E. Christopher Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Diurnal Species

Most vertebrate groups exhibit eye shapes that vary predictably with activity pattern. Nocturnal vertebrates typically have large corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual sensitivity. Conversely, diurnal vertebrates generally demonstrate smaller corneas relative to eye size as an adaptation for increased visual acuity. By contrast, several studies have concluded that many mammals exhibit typical nocturnal eye shapes, regardless of activity pattern. However, a recent study has argued that new statistical methods allow eye shape to accurately predict activity patterns of mammals, including cathemeral species (animals that are equally likely to be awake and active at any time of day or night). Here, we conduct a detailed analysis of eye shape and activity pattern in mammals, using a broad comparative sample of 266 species. We find that the eye shapes of cathemeral mammals completely overlap with nocturnal and diurnal species. Additionally, most diurnal and cathemeral mammals have eye shapes that are most similar to those of nocturnal birds and lizards. The only mammalian clade that diverges from this pattern is anthropoids, which have convergently evolved eye shapes similar to those of diurnal birds and lizards. Our results provide additional evidence for a nocturnal ‘bottleneck’ in the early evolution of crown mammals.

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