Association Between Concussion History and Factors Relating to Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Health Among American High School Athletes: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Background: The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional deficits that may be associated with sports-related concussions among adolescents are unclear. Purpose: To examine the association between reported concussion history and factors relating to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional health among a population-based sample of US high school–aged adolescents. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Participants included a representative sample of US high school student-athletes who reported a concussion history (in the past 12 months) and relevant behaviors/outcomes within 3 domains: cognitive (academics, difficulty concentrating), behavioral (drinking and driving, carrying a weapon, physically fighting, tobacco use, marijuana use, binge drinking), and emotional (symptoms of depression, suicidal thoughts/actions). The adjusted relative odds of experiencing 0 and at least 1, 2, 3, or ≥4 concussions were modeled while mutually adjusting for the behaviors of interest in addition to age, race/ethnicity, and sleep problems. Data were reported in sex stratum. Results: A total of 13,268 participants were included in the unweighted data set. Overall, 14.5% (95% CI, 12.9%-16.2%) of female and 18.1% (95% CI, 16.4%-19.8%) of male student-athletes had at least 1 concussion in the past 12 months. As compared with those who reported not engaging in any of the behaviors deleterious to health or having had any of the negative health outcomes (composite score of 0), female athletes with composite scores of 1 to 4, 5 to 7, and 8 to 11 were 1.94 (95% CI, 1.55-2.43), 3.13 (95% CI, 2.30-4.33), and 6.05 (95% CI, 3.75-9.75) times more likely to have a recent history of concussions after accounting for relevant factors. As compared with those having a composite score of 0, male athletes with composite scores of 1 to 4, 5 to 7, and 8 to 11 were 2.03 (95% CI, 1.58-2.59), 3.80 (95% CI, 2.71-5.34), and 8.23 (95% CI, 4.91-13.77) times more likely to have a recent history of concussions after accounting for relevant factors. Conclusion: Self-reported concussions among US high school athletes is related to several deleterious health behaviors and outcomes. These associations should be confirmed in longitudinal analyses.

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A-110 Are Invalid Baselines More Frequent in those with Concussion History?

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acaa068.110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 903-903

Author(s):

Maietta J ◽

Hopkins N ◽

Maietta L ◽

Flood S ◽

Johnson L ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Test Performance ◽

Impact Testing ◽

Cognitive Testing ◽

Return To Play ◽

Future Research ◽

High School Athletes ◽

History Of ◽

Concussion History ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective The Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a commonly utilized measure for sports concussion. Across the literature we have reviewed there is an abundance of information that focuses on invalid baselines and the effects of concussions. Yet, no previous studies have investigated the effect of a history of concussion on frequency of invalid baselines. The current study examined these effects within high school athletes. Methods Participants included 47,874 high school athletes (mean age = 15.0, SD = 1.2; mean education = 9.0; SD = 1.5; 42.6% female). These athletes were selected from a larger database of athletes who completed baseline ImPACT testing from 2008–2016. Self-reported history of concussion (none vs. 1+) was obtained from the demographic section of the ImPACT. Invalid performance was based on standard ImPACT criteria (“Baseline++”). Results Chi-square tests of homogeneity were performed to assess differences in invalid baselines between those with and without a history of concussion. Results revealed significantly more invalid baselines for those with a history of concussion (p < .01). Conclusions Results indicate that high school athletes with a self-reported history of concussion may be more likely to have invalid baseline test performance. Based on these preliminary results, clinicians who are managing return-to-play decisions may want to take into account concussion history when interpreting baseline data. Future research should, of course, investigate whether this result is consistent in other samples and, if so, whether alternative validity criteria may be needed. Future investigations of athletes with confirmed clinical diagnosis of concussion is an important next step in investigating differences in rates of invalid baselines.

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Cumulative Effects of Concussion in High School Athletes

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1097/00006123-200211000-00011 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 1175-1181 ◽

Cited By ~ 281

Author(s):

Michael W. Collins ◽

Mark R. Lovell ◽

Grant L. Iverson ◽

Robert C. Cantu ◽

Joseph C. Maroon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Anterograde Amnesia ◽

Loss Of Consciousness ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

History Of ◽

Concussion History

Abstract OBJECTIVE A common assumption in sports medicine is that a history of concussion is predictive of a lower threshold for, as well as a worse outcome after, subsequent concussive injury. The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between concussion history in high school athletes and the on-field presentation of symptoms after subsequent concussion. METHODS One hundred seventy-three athletes who experienced sports-related concussion composed the initial study group. Binary groups were subsequently created on the basis of concussion history. Sixty athletes with no concussion history were compared with 28 athletes with a history of three or more concussions. The groups were compared in terms of the on-field presentation of symptoms after an in-study concussion. Dependent variables included the postinjury presence of loss of consciousness, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confusion. RESULTS Athletes with three or more prior concussions were more likely to experience on-field positive loss of consciousness (χ2 = 8.0, P = 0.005), anterograde amnesia (χ2 = 5.5, P = 0.019), and confusion (χ2 = 5.1, P = 0.024) after a subsequent cerebral concussion. An odds ratio revealed that athletes with a history of three concussions were 9.3 times more likely than athletes with no history of concussion to demonstrate three to four abnormal on-field markers of concussion severity. CONCLUSION This study is the first to suggest a cumulative effect of concussion in high school athletes. A more severe on-field presentation of concussion markers is evidenced in high school athletes with a pronounced history of concussion. This study's findings highlight the need for more long-term outcome studies in high school athletes who sustain sports-related concussions.

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Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000720 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Mohammed Madadin ◽

Ritesh G. Menezes ◽

Maha A. Alassaf ◽

Abdulaziz M. Almulhim ◽

Mahdi S. Abumadini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Medical Students ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eastern Province ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Depression Subscale ◽

History Of

Abstract. Background: Medical students are at high risk of suicidal ideation. Aim: We aimed to obtain information on suicidal ideation among medical students in Dammam located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine affiliated with Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Suicidal ideation in the past 12 months was assessed based on responses to four questions in the depression subscale of the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28). In addition, data were collected to examine the association of suicidal ideation with various factors. Results: We found that 1 in 3 medical students in the study had suicidal ideation in the past 12 months, while around 40% had lifetime suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was associated with feelings of parental neglect, history of physical abuse, and dissatisfaction with academic performance. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study limits its ability to determine causality regarding suicidal ideation. Conclusion: These rates are considerably high when compared with rates from studies in other countries around the world. This study provides a reference in the field of suicidology for this region of Saudi Arabia.

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Use of electronic cigarettes and secondhand exposure to their aerosols are associated with asthma symptoms among adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/s12931-020-01569-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdullah Alnajem ◽

Abdullah Redha ◽

Dalal Alroumi ◽

Ahmed Alshammasi ◽

Mohamad Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Uncontrolled Asthma ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Current Asthma ◽

The Past ◽

Asthma Symptoms ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Globally, a surge in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has been observed in recent years, with youth being the most susceptible group. Given their recent emergence, studies assessing the health consequences of using e-cigarettes and exposure to their secondhand aerosols (SHA) are limited. Hence, this study sought to assess associations between e-cigarette use and household exposure to SHA from e-cigarettes with asthma symptoms among adolescents. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling high school students (n = 1565; aged 16–19 years) in Kuwait. Participants self-completed a questionnaire on tobacco products use (e-cigarettes and cigarettes) and asthma symptoms. Current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking were defined as any use in the past 30 days. Household exposure to SHA from e-cigarettes in the past 7 days was reported as none (0 days), infrequent (1–2 days), and frequent (≥ 3 days). Asthma symptoms included current (past 12 months) wheeze, current asthma (history of clinical diagnosis and current wheeze and/or medication use), and current symptoms of uncontrolled asthma (≥ 4 attacks of wheeze, ≥ 1 night per week sleep disturbance from wheeze, and/or wheeze affecting speech). Associations were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation, and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Results Among the analytical study sample (n = 1345), current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking was reported by 369 (27.4%) and 358 (26.6%) participants, respectively. Compared to never e-cigarette users and never cigarette smokers, current e-cigarette users with no history of cigarette smoking had increased prevalence of current wheeze (aPR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.01–2.45) and current asthma (aPR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.03–3.41). Moreover, the frequency of exposure to household SHA from e-cigarettes was associated with asthma symptoms. For example, compared to those with no exposure to household SHA, frequent exposure to household SHA was associated with current wheeze (aPR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04–1.59), current asthma (aPR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.13–2.16), and current uncontrolled asthma symptoms (aPR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.35–2.62). Conclusions E-cigarette use and their household SHA exposure were independently associated with asthma symptoms among adolescents. Hence, such observations indicate that e-cigarette use and passive exposure to their aerosols negatively impact respiratory health among adolescents.

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What are the effects of age, concussion history, and concussion symptoms on cognitive performance in healthy male high school athletes?

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport ◽

10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.158 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. S69-S70

Author(s):

A. Gardner ◽

G. Iverson ◽

D. Howell

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Healthy Male ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Male High School ◽

Concussion History

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95 Years of Teaching High School Sociology

Teaching Sociology ◽

10.1177/0092055x0503300301 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 236-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael DeCesare

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

High School ◽

Citizenship Education ◽

Social Problems ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Teaching Sociology ◽

The Past ◽

Current Events ◽

History Of

A neglected part of the history of teaching sociology is the history of teaching high school sociology. The American Sociological Association's centennial in 2005 affords sociologists an opportunity to reflect on the teaching of sociology–anywhere and everywhere that it happens. In the spirit of contributing to the history of teaching sociology in the United States, this paper outlines the roughly 95-year history of the teaching of high school sociology. I rely upon published course descriptions written by high school sociology teachers and empirical studies conducted by academic sociologists. They demonstrate that past high school sociology courses have focused primarily on examining social problems and current events, and on promoting citizenship education. This remains the case today. I offer several reasons why the courses have looked as they have over the past 95 years, and conclude with four predictions about the future of teaching high school sociology.

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Concussion knowledge, attitude and reporting intention in rugby coaches and high school rugby players

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954120961200 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 174795412096120

Author(s):

Danielle M Salmon ◽

Janelle Romanchuk ◽

S John Sullivan ◽

Simon Walters ◽

Amanda Clacy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Economic Status ◽

Critical Role ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Concussion History ◽

Concussion Knowledge ◽

The Impact ◽

Reporting Intentions

The aim of this study was to evaluate New Zealand high school rugby union players’ and community coaches’ concussion knowledge (CK), concussion attitude (CA) and concussion reporting intentions (CRI) and to explore the impact gender, age, ethnicity, socio-economic status, experience, and concussion history had on these outcome measures. This cross-sectional study utilised the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes survey to evaluate CK, CA and CRI. The survey and demographic information were completed by 533 high school players (61.5% male, M = 16.2 yrs) and 733 community rugby coaches (93.0% male, M = 42.2 yrs). Coaches displayed greater awareness, safer attitudes, and stronger reporting intentions towards concussion than players. Among players, differences in CK, CA and CRI were observed by gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Among coaches, differences in CRI were found by age and coaching experience. No differences were observed for age or concussion history in players. Gender, ethnicity, and grade coached were not significant for coaches. Players who identified as Māori or Pasifika and those from schools in low socio-economic areas displayed poorer CK and CA. Years of experience for both players and coaches played a critical role in improving CA and is a factor that should be considered when welcoming new participants to either role. Concussion non-disclosure is a systemic issue and is common across gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status and appears to worsen as the playing season progresses. More work is needed to develop educational strategies that are both culturally responsive, sustainable, and address reporting behaviours.

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Attitudes of Medical and Pharmacy Students Towards Patients Suffering from Schizophrenia

Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research ◽

10.1515/sjecr-2016-0055 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Dragana Ignjatovic-Ristic ◽

Ana Solujic ◽

Andrea Obradovic ◽

Katarina Nikic-Djuricic ◽

Marija Draskovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Study Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pharmacy Students ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Care Workers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The University

Abstract Research over the past twenty years has shown that the attitudes of health care workers and students towards people who are suffering from schizophrenia have become more negative. The aim of our study was to investigate the attitudes of medical and pharmacy students towards patients with schizophrenia and explore the differences in attitudes between study groups and students in different years. Materials and methods: Second- and fifth-year medical and pharmacy students from the Faculty of Medical Sciences at the University of Kragujevac were included in an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 113 students from the pharmacy and medical schools who were chosen via random sampling. The students completed a two-part questionnaire. Th e first part contained questions about sociodemographic characteristics, whereas the second part was a translated version of the Mental Illness: Clinician’s Attitudes (MICA) v4 scale. Results: There is a statistically significant difference (р<0.05) in the attitudes towards people with schizophrenia between second- and fifth-year medical and pharmacy students (with lower scores in both groups in fifth-year students). Of the total number of students who had lower summed scores on the Likert scale, 51.3% had previously finished medical high school, whereas 28.3% had previously finished regular high school. Conclusion: Our results showed a statistically significant difference in attitudes towards people with schizophrenia between second- and fifth-year students as well as a difference related to previous high school education. This stresses the importance of levels of knowledge about schizophrenia to reducing the stigmatization of patients who suffer from this disorder.

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Girls’ Six-Player Basketball

10.5406/illinois/9780252037610.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jaime Schultz ◽

Shelley Lucas

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

New Technologies ◽

Community Identity ◽

Historical Background ◽

The Past ◽

High School Girls ◽

History Of ◽

Physical Limitations ◽

School Girls

This chapter focuses on a defunct version of high school girls' basketball known as “six-on-six” and how it expressed community identity in Iowa. Throughout the twentieth century, more than a million Iowa high school girls played the half-court, two-dribble version of basketball known as “six-on-six.” Originally conceived to accommodate girls and women's perceived physical limitations, six-on-six basketball often lent itself to fast-paced, high-scoring, crowd-rallying competitions. This chapter first provides a historical background on six-player basketball in Iowa before discussing how girls' six-on-six basketball has been relegated to the past, yet lives on in many places and memories, thanks in part to new technologies and understandings of community. It argues that the history of Iowa's six-player basketball is alive and thriving in alternative forms, citing the emergence of new, transitory communities to sustain its remembrance. The chapter considers two sites: a 2003 reunion game that gathered former players and supporters, and a Facebook page which fosters a virtual kinship of more than 7,000 members.

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