An introduction to bone tissue engineering

Bone tissue has the capability to regenerate itself; however, defects of a critical size prevent the bone from regenerating and require additional support. To aid regeneration, bone scaffolds created out of autologous or allograft bone can be used, yet these produce problems such as fast degradation rates, reduced bioactivity, donor site morbidity or the risk of pathogen transmission. The development of bone tissue engineering has been used to create functional alternatives to regenerate bone. This can be achieved by producing bone tissue scaffolds that induce osteoconduction and integration, provide mechanical stability, and either integrate into the bone structure or degrade and are excreted by the body. A range of different biomaterials have been used to this end, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. This review will introduce the requirements of bone tissue engineering, beginning with the regeneration process of bone before exploring the requirements of bone tissue scaffolds. Aspects covered include the manufacturing process as well as the different materials used and the incorporation of bioactive molecules, growth factors and cells.

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An update on the Application of Nanotechnology in Bone Tissue Engineering

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001610010836 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 836-848 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

MF Griffin ◽

DM Kalaskar ◽

A. Seifalian ◽

PE Butler

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Native Bone ◽

Natural Bone ◽

Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Background:Natural bone is a complex and hierarchical structure. Bone possesses an extracellular matrix that has a precise nano-sized environment to encourage osteoblasts to lay down bone by directing them through physical and chemical cues. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the scaffolds to mimic the native bone structure. Nanomaterials, with features on the nanoscale have shown the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment to guide cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.Methods:This review summarises the new developments in bone tissue engineering using nanobiomaterials. The design and selection of fabrication methods and biomaterial types for bone tissue engineering will be reviewed. The interactions of cells with different nanostructured scaffolds will be discussed including nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanoparticles.Results:Several composite nanomaterials have been able to mimic the architecture of natural bone. Bioceramics biomaterials have shown to be very useful biomaterials for bone tissue engineering as they have osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds have the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment as they can mimic the extracellular matrix structure of bone. Nanoparticles have been used to deliver bioactive molecules and label and track stem cells.Conclusion:Future studies to improve the application of nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering are needed.

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Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2389895 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Shishu Huang ◽

Nuanyi Liang ◽

Yang Hu ◽

Xin Zhou ◽

Noureddine Abidi

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Surface Modification ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Coating Layer ◽

Tissue Scaffolds ◽

Surface Modifier ◽

Biomaterial Surface ◽

Superior Surface ◽

Unique Surface

Polydopamine (PDA) prepared in the form of a layer of polymerized dopamine (DA) in a weak alkaline solution has been used as a versatile biomimetic surface modifier as well as a broadly used immobilizing macromolecule. This review mainly discusses the progress of biomaterial surface modification inspired by the participation of PDA in bone tissue engineering. A comparison between PDA-assisted coating techniques and traditional surface modification applied to bone tissue engineering is first presented. Secondly, the chemical composition and the underlying formation mechanism of PDA coating layer as a unique surface modifier are interpreted and discussed. Furthermore, several typical examples are provided to evidence the importance of PDA-assisted coating techniques in the construction of bone biosubstitutes and the improvement of material biocompatibility. Nowadays, the application of PDA as a superior surface modifier in multifunctional biomaterials is drawing tremendous interests in bone tissue scaffolds to promote the osteointegration for bone regeneration.

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Anionic diketopiperazine induces osteogenic differentiation and supports osteogenesis in a 3D cryogel microenvironment

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d1cc01985f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Apurva Panjla ◽

Irfan Qayoom ◽

Ashok Kumar ◽

Sandeep Verma

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Precursor Cells ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Osteogenic Potential

Bioactive molecules that enhance or induce osteogenic potential of bone precursor cells have shown vital roles in bone tissue engineering. Herein, we report a novel diketopiperazine, containing taurine amino acid,...

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3D Printed Polycaprolactone/Gelatin/Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12091962 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1962 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abdullah M. Cakmak ◽

Semra Unal ◽

Ali Sahin ◽

Faik N. Oktar ◽

Mustafa Sengor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Composite Scaffold ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Bioactive Materials ◽

Degradation Rates

Three-dimensional (3D) printing application is a promising method for bone tissue engineering. For enhanced bone tissue regeneration, it is essential to have printable composite materials with appealing properties such as construct porous, mechanical strength, thermal properties, controlled degradation rates, and the presence of bioactive materials. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL), gelatin (GEL), bacterial cellulose (BC), and different hydroxyapatite (HA) concentrations were used to fabricate a novel PCL/GEL/BC/HA composite scaffold using 3D printing method for bone tissue engineering applications. Pore structure, mechanical, thermal, and chemical analyses were evaluated. 3D scaffolds with an ideal pore size (~300 µm) for use in bone tissue engineering were generated. The addition of both bacterial cellulose (BC) and hydroxyapatite (HA) into PCL/GEL scaffold increased cell proliferation and attachment. PCL/GEL/BC/HA composite scaffolds provide a potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

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Buccal Fat Pad as a Potential Source of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2017/8354640 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Nasim Salehi-Nik ◽

Maryam Rezai Rad ◽

Lida Kheiri ◽

Pantea Nazeman ◽

Nasser Nadjmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

The Body ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Great Promise ◽

Fat Pad ◽

Buccal Fat Pad ◽

Adipose Tissues

Adipose tissues hold great promise in bone tissue engineering since they are available in large quantities as a waste material. The buccal fat pad (BFP) is a specialized adipose tissue that is easy to harvest and contains a rich blood supply, and its harvesting causes low complications for patients. This review focuses on the characteristics and osteogenic capability of stem cells derived from BFP as a valuable cell source for bone tissue engineering. An electronic search was performed on all in vitro and in vivo studies that used stem cells from BFP for the purpose of bone tissue engineering from 2010 until 2016. This review was organized according to the PRISMA statement. Adipose-derived stem cells derived from BFP (BFPSCs) were compared with adipose tissues from other parts of the body (AdSCs). Moreover, the osteogenic capability of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT) derived from BFP (BFP-DFAT) has been reported in comparison with BFPSCs. BFP is an easily accessible source of stem cells that can be obtained via the oral cavity without injury to the external body surface. Comparing BFPSCs with AdSCs indicated similar cell yield, morphology, and multilineage differentiation. However, BFPSCs proliferate faster and are more prone to producing colonies than AdSCs.

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Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications in Bone Regeneration

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9111570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Tanya J. Levingstone ◽

Simona Herbaj ◽

Nicholas J. Dunne

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Viral Vectors ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Factors ◽

Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles

Bone injuries and diseases constitute a burden both socially and economically, as the consequences of a lack of effective treatments affect both the patients’ quality of life and the costs on the health systems. This impended need has led the research community’s efforts to establish efficacious bone tissue engineering solutions. There has been a recent focus on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles for the delivery of therapeutic factors. Among the biomaterials being considered to date, calcium phosphates have emerged as one of the most promising materials for bone repair applications due to their osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity and their ability to be resorbed in the body. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles have received particular attention as non-viral vectors for gene therapy, as factors such as plasmid DNAs, microRNAs (miRNA) and silencing RNA (siRNAs) can be easily incorporated on their surface. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic factors have also been delivered to the site of bone injury using scaffolds and hydrogels. This review provides an extensive overview of the current state-of-the-art relating to the design and synthesis of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic factors, the mechanisms of therapeutic factors’ loading and release, and their application in bone tissue engineering.

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Fabrication of Pentoxifylline-Loaded Hydroxyapatite/Alginate Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.47.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 25-40

Author(s):

Maryam Shadravanan ◽

Mona Latifi ◽

Zahra Vojdani ◽

Tahereh Talaei-Khozani

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Organic Matrix ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Calcium Deposition ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Degradation Rates

Background: Hydroxyapatite (HAP), as a common biomaterial in bone tissue engineering, can be fabricated in combination with other osteogenic agents. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is demonstrated to have positive roles in bone defect healing. Since local administration can diminish the systemic side effects of the drug, the objectives of the current in vitro study were to find the effects of PTX on the osteoblast functions for tissue engineering applications. Methods: a HAP scaffold was fabricated by casting the HAP slurry within polyurethane foam. The scaffold was enriched with 5 mg/mL PTX. Alginate (Alg) was used as drug carrier to regulate the PTX releasing rate. MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were cultured on 3D scaffolds and 2D Alg films in the presence or absence of PTX. Results: PTX did not affect the cell viability, attachment and phenotype. Also, the ultrastructure of the scaffolds was not modified by PTX enrichment. Alizarin red S staining showed that PTX has no effect on calcium deposition. Besides, Raman confocal microscopy demonstrated an increase in the organic matrix formation including proline, valine and phenylalanine deposition (represented collagen). Although PTX increased the total protein secretion, it led to a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) content. PTX reduced the hydration and degradation rates and it was released mainly at the first 24 hours of incubation. Conclusion: Based on our in vitro study, application of engineered PTX-loaded HAP scaffold in bone regeneration can act on behalf of organic matrix production, but not angiogenesis and mineralization.

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Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10102019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pawan Kumar ◽

Meenu Saini ◽

Brijnandan S. Dehiya ◽

Anil Sindhu ◽

Vinod Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Materials Science ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

New Treatment

One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.

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Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Bovine Hydroxyapatite (BHA) Composite Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.228 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 720 ◽

pp. 228-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Memduh Kagan Keler ◽

Sibel Daglilar ◽

Oguzhan Gunduz

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Composite Nanofibers ◽

Crystalline Polymer ◽

Tissue Scaffolds ◽

Bovine Hydroxyapatite ◽

Degradation Properties ◽

Composite Designs

Tissue engineering applications have opened a different future-promising era for critical injuries, defects and diseases. Bone tissue engineering is the part of tissue engineering which aims to stir up new practical bone re-formation via the interactive combination of biomaterials and cells. Poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) is a unique semi crystalline polymer material which handles several important features such as biocompatibility, high biomedical durability and degradation properties. Bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) is another biocompatible material which provides to get ultimate mechanical behavior in composite designs. Because of their high biocompatibility, PCL and BHA were integrated the electrospinning system together. The system was revised for multi-feeding needle equipment. Eight dissimilar tissue scaffolds were produced and investigated for this recent work.

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The Role of Growth Factors in Bioactive Coatings

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13071083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1083

Author(s):

Dragana Bjelić ◽

Matjaž Finšgar

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Healing Process ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Bioactive Coatings ◽

Bioactive Coating ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

With increasing obesity and an ageing population, health complications are also on the rise, such as the need to replace a joint with an artificial one. In both humans and animals, the integration of the implant is crucial, and bioactive coatings play an important role in bone tissue engineering. Since bone tissue engineering is about designing an implant that maximally mimics natural bone and is accepted by the tissue, the search for optimal materials and therapeutic agents and their concentrations is increasing. The incorporation of growth factors (GFs) in a bioactive coating represents a novel approach in bone tissue engineering, in which osteoinduction is enhanced in order to create the optimal conditions for the bone healing process, which crucially affects implant fixation. For the application of GFs in coatings and their implementation in clinical practice, factors such as the choice of one or more GFs, their concentration, the coating material, the method of incorporation, and the implant material must be considered to achieve the desired controlled release. Therefore, the avoidance of revision surgery also depends on the success of the design of the most appropriate bioactive coating. This overview considers the integration of the most common GFs that have been investigated in in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as in human clinical trials, with the aim of applying them in bioactive coatings. An overview of the main therapeutic agents that can stimulate cells to express the GFs necessary for bone tissue development is also provided. The main objective is to present the advantages and disadvantages of the GFs that have shown promise for inclusion in bioactive coatings according to the results of numerous studies.

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