Sexual Violence Victimization of U.S. Males: Negative Health Conditions Associated with Rape and Being Made to Penetrate

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110551
Author(s):  
Sharon G. Smith ◽  
Jieru Chen ◽  
Ashley N. Lowe ◽  
Kathleen C. Basile
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Sexual violence is a significant public health problem with long-term health implications. Previous investigations of male victimization have often relied on nongeneralizable samples to examine the health consequences of rape. Furthermore, made to penetrate (MTP) victimization has received very little attention as a specific form of sexual violence. Using data from the 2010 to 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, we examined negative impacts (e.g., injury) and health conditions associated with experiences of rape and MTP among male victims in the United States. Results indicate that approximately 1 in 4 victims of rape-only and 1 in 12 victims of MTP-only reported physical injuries. An estimated 62.7% of rape-only victims and 59.8% of MTP-only victims reported at least one impact due to the perpetrator’s violence. Rape victims were significantly more likely than non-rape victims to report 2 of 11 health conditions measured, while MTP victims had greater odds of reporting 6 of 11 health conditions measured compared to non-MTP victims. This article fills gaps in understanding the impacts of rape and MTP on male victims, and it is the only study to do so using a large, nationally representative sample. Sexual violence is linked to serious health effects but is also preventable. Screening for violence victimization and preventing male sexual violence before it happens are both important to reduce the risk for immediate and chronic health impacts.

scholarly journals Depression, Anxiety, and Symptom Profiles Among Female and Male Victims of Sexual Violence

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Choudhary ◽  
Merideth Smith ◽  
Robert M. Bossarte
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Sexual violence is a serious public health problem that has been associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes. Few existing studies have examined the prevalence and patterns of adverse mental health among victims of sexual violence using data from nationally representative samples of U.S. adults. The main objectives of this study were to identify patterns in the associations between sexual violence victimization and depression and anxiety (DA) symptoms using data from the sexual violence and DA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) modules. Stratified multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to test the associations between sexual violence victimization and DA controlling for demographic characteristics. Multiple stratified MANOVA models were used to detect the effect of sexual violence victimization on DA symptoms while controlling for key demographic characteristics. Among all 61,187 participants, more than 5% ( n = 3,240) were victims of sexual violence, out of which 18.82% reported being diagnosed with depression, 8.37% reported an anxiety disorder, and 28.28% reported being diagnosed with DA disorder. Victims of sexual violence reported significantly higher number of days when they had trouble concentrating, sleep difficulties, poor appetite, little interest or pleasure in activities, blamed themselves for personal failure, felt depressed, and had little energy. The present study highlights the importance of collecting nationally representative data from victims of sexual violence and extends previous findings from clinically based studies. This study also serves as an example of an analytic approach that addresses a public health priority area by drawing on data from multiple topic-specific BRFSS modules.

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242942098252
Author(s):  
Justin J. West
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Teacher Professional Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

Contrasting Crash- and Non-Crash-Involved Riders: Analysis of Data from the Motorcycle Crash Causation Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (7) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitesh Chawla ◽  
Ilker Karaca ◽  
Peter T. Savolainen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Paired Control ◽  
Motorcycle Crashes

Motorcycle crashes and fatalities remain a significant public health problem as fatality rates have increased substantially as compared to other vehicle types in the United States. Analysis of causal factors for motorcycle crashes is often challenging given a lack of reliable traffic volume data and the fact that such crashes comprise a relatively small portion of all traffic crashes. Given these limitations, on-scene crash investigations represent an ideal setting through which to investigate the precipitating factors for motorcycle-involved crashes. This study examines motorcycle crash risk factors by employing data recently made available from the Federal Highway Administration Motorcycle Crash Causation Study (MCCS). The MCCS represents a comprehensive investigative effort to determine the causes of motorcycle crashes and involved the collection of in-depth data from 351 crashes, as well as the collection of comparison data from 702 paired control observations in Orange County, California. This dataset provides a unique opportunity to understand how the risk of crash involvement varies across different segments of the riding population. Logistic regression models are estimated to identify the rider and vehicle attributes associated with motorcycle crashes. The results of the study suggest that motorcycle crash risks are related to rider age, physical status, and educational attainment. In addition to such factors outside of the rider’s control, several modifiable risk factors, which arguably affect the riders’ proclivity to take risks, were also found to be significantly associated with motorcycle crash risk, including motorcycle type, helmet coverage, motorcycle ownership, speed, trip destination, and traffic violation history.

Potential Application of Low-Dose Doxycycline to Treat Periodontitis in Post-Menopausal Women

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Payne ◽  
R.A. Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alveolar Bone Loss ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Post Menopausal

The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (1) to review the evidence that osteoporosis and post-menopausal estrogen deficiency are associated with progressive alveolar bone loss and an elevated risk of tooth loss; and (2) to propose the use of tetracyclines, specifically low-dose doxycycline (LDD) (and, perhaps in the future, the chemically modified tetracyclines), to mitigate alveolar bone loss in post-menopausal osteoporotic/osteopenic women. Design concepts for a randomized clinical trial to study the effects of LDD on progressive alveolar bone loss in this patient population are reviewed. Since osteoporosis affects over 20 million people in the United States, progressive alveolar bone loss in this patient group represents a potentially significant public health problem unique from common adult periodontitis. Stopping progressive alveolar bone loss is essential to prevent both tooth loss and micro-architectural deterioration of alveolar bone.

Relationship Factors Associated With Early Adolescent Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Latinx Youth in an Agricultural Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098039
Author(s):  
Sabrina C. Boyce ◽  
Julianna Deardorff ◽  
Alexandra M. Minnis
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Adolescent Dating Violence ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Agricultural Community ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relationship Factors

Latinx early adolescents within the United States are particularly vulnerable to dating violence; yet, little research has examined early dating experiences and violence outside large urban settings. Latinxs, in particular, may experience a unique window of opportunity for dating violence (DV) prevention during early adolescence, based on their trends in risk behavior over the adolescent period. This study extends the current research on dating violence by examining a highly understudied population, Latinx early adolescent girls and boys residing in an agricultural community, by assessing victimization and perpetration, and examining interpersonal-level factors as potential risk and protective factors for violence. Using data from a prospective cohort study of Latinx adolescents with relationship experience (past six months) ( N = 296; girls: n = 147; boys: n = 149; mean age: 13.8), we assessed the association between dating relationship characteristics and dating violence victimization and perpetration using modified-Poisson regression models with robust standard errors stratified by gender. In multivariable analyses, we found that girls with gang-affiliated partners, partner-related withdrawal from friends, and girls who had used drugs or alcohol with a partner experienced greater risk for dating violence. Additionally, holding beliefs supportive of female sexual naivete and engaging in and communicating about sexual activity were associated with victimization among girls. No significant associations were found among boys. Findings affirm the need for multilevel DV prevention programming that starts in middle school and addresses social isolation, gang exposure, and traditional Latinx gender-norm beliefs regarding marianismo. These findings underscore the imperative to coordinate dating and gang violence prevention efforts by addressing common co-occurring interpersonal and environmental risk factors, including social isolation and culturally-specific traditional beliefs. Such factors could also assist providers, families, and peers in early identification of Latinx early adolescents at risk for DV, especially in rural contexts where resources are often limited.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence in the Netherlands, the Risk of Revictimization and Pregnancy: Results From a National Population Survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stans de Haas ◽  
Willy van Berlo ◽  
Floor Bakker ◽  
Ine Vanwesenbeeck
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
International Body ◽  
Experienced Adult

Prevalence figures on sexual violence among a representative sample of both men and women were not yet available for the Netherlands. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the prevalence of sexual violence in the Netherlands and to add these figures to the international body of knowledge. Experiences of sexual violence during lifetime, before the age of 16 and in the year before the start of the study were measured. In addition, types of sexual violence were examined, as were the characteristics of the perpetrators. Lastly, revictimization and pregnancy as a result of rape experiences among the victims were investigated. Data were generated from a population survey on sexual health. The sample consisted of more than 6,000 men and women between the age of 15 and 70 years old. Prevalence rates as high as 21% for men and 56% for women were found. Fifty percent of the female victims and 30% of the male victims of child sexual abuse had experienced adult victimization. Of the female rape victims, 7% became pregnant as a consequence of rape. In the Netherlands, as elsewhere, the prevention of sexual violence should be prioritized.

scholarly journals Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Burgard ◽  
Debora de Pina Castiglione ◽  
Katherine Y. Lin ◽  
Aline A. Nobre ◽  
Estela M. L. Aquino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
College Educated

Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.

scholarly journals A Public Health Problem: Consequences of Trauma on Health Outcomes and the Role of Social Support

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Prevost ◽  
Rachel Worrell ◽  
Margaret Gough Courney ◽  
Kanye Godde
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein

Abstract Introduction: Extensive research substantiates a negative correlation between stress and health. The implications of traumatic stress are complex, affecting the physical, psychological, physiological, and social health of individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the role of social support in relation to trauma-related health consequences. Methods: Nationally representative data were obtained from the Midlife in the United States study, covering the period 2004-2006, and used in regression models to predict the relationships between types of trauma (adult vs. childhood), measures of social support, and biomarkers of stress reactivity (cortisol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), and number of health conditions). Results: The study found that an increase in traumatic experiences during adulthood was associated with a higher logged cortisol level, but social support did not buffer these effects. No significant trends were observed with childhood trauma. Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of addressing indicators from multiple domains simultaneously to investigate the effects of trauma and social support on biomarkers of stress. Keywords: social support, trauma, cortisol, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, health conditions

scholarly journals Solar and Climate Effects Explain the Wide Variation in Legionellosis Incidence Rates in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Y. Han
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sunshine Hours ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Environmental Bacteria

ABSTRACTLegionellosis, an infection caused by the environmental bacteriaLegionellaspp., has become a significant public health problem in the United States in recent years; however, among the states, the incidence rates vary widely without a clear explanation. This study examined environmental effects on the 2014-to-2016 average annual legionellosis incidence rates in the U.S. states through correlative analyses with long-term precipitation, temperature, solar UV radiation, and sunshine hours. The continental states west of ∼95°W showed low incidence rates of 0.51 to 1.20 cases per 100,000 population, which corresponded to low precipitation, below 750 mm annually. For the eastern states, where precipitation was higher, solar effects were prominent and mixed, leading to wide incidence variation. Robust regressions suggested a dividing line at 40°N: north of this line, rising temperature, mainly from solar heat, raised legionellosis incidence to a peak of 4.25/100,000 in Ohio; south of the line, intensifying sunlight in terms of high UV indices and long sunshine hours prevailed to limit incidence gradually to 0.99/100,000 in Louisiana. On or near the 40°N line were 15 eastern states that had leading legionellosis incidence rates of >2.0/100,000. These states all showed modest environmental parameters. In contrast, the frigid climate in Alaska and the strong year-round solar UV in Hawaii explained the lowest U.S. incidences, 0.14/100,000 and 0.47/100,000, respectively, in these states. The findings of solar and climate effects explain the wide variation of legionellosis incidence rates in the United States and may offer insights into the potential exposure to and prevention of infection.IMPORTANCELegionellosis, caused by the environmental bacteriaLegionellaspp., has become a significant public health problem in the United States in recent years, with ∼6,000 cases annually. The present study showed, through a series of correlative analyses with long-term precipitation, temperature, solar UV radiation, and sunshine hours, that these environmental conditions strongly influence the legionellosis incidence rates across the United States in mixed and dynamic fashions. The incidence rates varied remarkably by region, with the highest in Ohio and New York and the lowest in Alaska. A precipitation threshold above 750 mm was required for elevated legionellosis activity. Regression models and dividing lines between regions were established to show the promotive effect of temperature, as well as the inhibitive effects of solar UV and sunshine hours. These findings explain the wide variation of legionellosis incidence rates in the United States. They may also offer insights into potential exposure to and prevention of infection.

scholarly journals USING DATA SCIENCE TO GENERATE PSYCHOSOCIAL PROFILES OF FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION IN SENIORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S478-S478
Author(s):  
Cassandra J Enzler ◽  
Robert Suchting ◽  
Charles Green ◽  
Jason Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Protective Service ◽  
Financial Exploitation ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Psychosocial Profiles

Abstract Financial exploitation (FE) in older adults is a significant public health problem linked to outcomes including depression, financial ruin and early mortality. This study applied exploratory data science techniques to a multi-year statewide protective services dataset of over 8,000 elder abuse cases. The goal was to derive data-driven psychosocial profiles of abuse with an emphasis on determining which factors, commonly shared across abuse cases, were most important for determining when elder FE was occurring and whether it was occurring alone or in conjunction with other types of abuse. We found that pronounced psychological distress (i.e. verbalizing suicide, homicide, self-harm) was most important for indicating when abuse had occurred and predicted non-FE related abuse. Drug paraphernalia in the home and perpetrator drug/alcohol use were important predictors of FE-related abuse. When differentiating pure FE from hybrid FE, factors indicative of long-term FE occurrence and substantial financial loss were most important (i.e. facing foreclosure, lack of food, medications, and utilities). The findings parallel some existing work characterizing pure and hybrid FE, but also highlight new profile factors that may help determine when FE is occurring and when it is less likely. Applying data science approaches to other large protective service datasets and national datasets such as the National Adult Maltreatment Registry could help improve characterization of abuse types such as pure and hybrid FE resulting in better detection, response and prevention.

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